=Saunders, John= (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834 chief-justice of the province. =Index=: =W= Chief justice, 74; dies, 1834, 74. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Saunders, John Simcoe= (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=: =W= Advocate-general, New Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. =Bib.=: _The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Annual Register_, 1878; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Sauvage.= =WM= Frigate in which Levis embarked at Brest, 12.

=Savage, Thomas= (1608-1682). Went to Ma.s.sachusetts in 1635 with Sir Harry Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 helped to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian wars, 1675. =Index=: =F= Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Savignon.= =Ch= Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for Nicolas Marsolet, 63.

=Scalping.= =WM= Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or Canadians dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be necessary, 102, 108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's rangers, 150.

=Schank, John= (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758.

Commanded the _Canso_ in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in the construction of floating bridges. =Index=: =Hd= Superintends building of gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, 236-237; his evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England with Haldimand, 209, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Schenderatchta.= =Hd= Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.

=Schenectady.= The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in 1798. =Index=: =L= Attack on, 229. =F= Ma.s.sacre of, 245-248. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Schultz, Sir John Christian= (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario.

Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in the fur trade. Owner and editor of the _Nor'Wester_, the pioneer newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895.

=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Begg, _History of the North-West_. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

=Schurz, Carl= (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852.

Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877.

=Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.

=Bib.=: Works: _Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences_. For biog., _see Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Schuyler, Major John.= =L= Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. =F= His raid on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.

=Schuyler, Peter= (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720.

=Index=: =F= Commands expedition from Albany, 311. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Schuyler, Philip John= (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George.

Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the Senate. =Index=: =Hd= Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; Francois Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. =Dr= Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96. =Bib.=: Lossing, _Life and Times of Philip Schuyler_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Scott.= =Hd= Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical functions, 256.

=Scott, Sir Richard William= (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario.

Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in the Legislative a.s.sembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott Act, which const.i.tutes his princ.i.p.al t.i.tle to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909.

=Index=: =R= His Separate School Bills, 235-238. =B= Introduces separate school legislation, 144. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Scott, Thomas= (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, 1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the trial of cases of treason during the war. =Bib.=: Dent, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Scott, Thomas.= =Md= Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194, 242. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

=Scott, Winfield= (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare.

In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the United States army. =Index=: =Bk= At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. =W= Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135.

=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Scott, Walter= (1867- ). Born in Middles.e.x County, Ontario. Took up the profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in 1895, became proprietor and editor of the _Leader_, Regina. Sat in the House of Commons for a.s.siniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Scott Act.= The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by (Sir) R. W. Scott and pa.s.sed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its princ.i.p.al provisions were that on a pet.i.tion of one-fourth of the electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the close of the then current license year. =Index=: =B= A measure for introducing prohibition by local option, 249. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Scovil, W. H.= =T= Confederation candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 85.

=Scrope, A. Poulett.= =BL= Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71.

=Bib.=: _Memoir of Life of Sydenham_.

=Scurvy.= =Ch= Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain _mal de terre_, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, 209.

=Sea-otter.= =D= Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.

=Seat of Government.= =Sy= Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of Kingston, 281. =Md= Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. _See also_ Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; Montreal.

=Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron= (1778-1863). Served in Holland, Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo.

Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to field-marshal, 1860. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 157; Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, 248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive Council, 279. =P= Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old Firebrand," 140-141. =Sy= A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with the a.s.sembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, 38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, 46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. =E= Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. =B= Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. =Md= Creates and endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Secret Societies Bill.= =BL= Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. =R= Reservation of, brings on a crisis in Upper Canada, 126-127.

=Sedgewick, Major Robert.= =F= Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.

=Seely, Alexander McLaughlan= (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held his seat until his death.

=Seignelay, Marquis de.= =F= Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. =L= Minister of marine and colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to Canada, 211.

=Seigniorial Tenure.= The history of this feudal system of land tenure, transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred a.s.sociates) was chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of seigniorial grants were made--no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854.

=Index=: =F= In New France, 56. =L= Beginning of, 119. =Dr= Described, 11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. =E= Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102; measure pa.s.sed by a.s.sembly, but defeated in Legislative Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement, 140; measure pa.s.sed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; terms of settlement, 187-188. =S= Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1, 6. =BL= Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over by La Fontaine, 358. =C= John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. =Md= A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. =Bib.=: Munro, _Seigniorial System in Canada_ and _Doc.u.ments Relating to Seigniorial Tenure_; Munro, _Droit de Ba.n.a.lite_; _Pieces et Doc.u.ments Relatifs a la Tenure Seigneuriale_; _Lower Canada Reports_; _Seigniorial Questions_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. On the history of individual seigniories, _see_ Lalande, _Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville_; _Mingan Seigniory: Doc.u.ments in Appeal to Privy Council_; Roy, _Seigneurie de Lauzon_; Sellar, _History of Huntingdon_; Jodoin et Vincent, _Histoire de Longueuil_.

=Seigniors, Canadian.= =Bk= Remained faithful to British rule, 47. =Dr= Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, 48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new regime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their loss of influence, 255. =WM= Their relation to the _censitaires_, 23.

=Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.

=Select Committee on Grievances.= =Mc= Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, 270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects dealt with, 281-286. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. _See also_ William Lyon Mackenzie.

=Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of= (1771-1820). =MS= Influenced by Mackenzie's _Voyages_, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, 118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, 119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal Society, 122; his _Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806_, 122; earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; his pamphlet on _Parliamentary Reform_, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, 140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, 146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in _Gentleman's Magazine_, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, 209. _See also_ Red River Colony. =Bib.=: Works: _Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806_; _Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary_; _Parliamentary Reform_; _Civilization of the Indian in North America_; _On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence_; _Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce, _Manitoba_, _Hudson's Bay Company_, and _Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See also_ Red River Colony; Baldoon.

=Selkirk Settlement.= _See_ Red River Colony.

=Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil= (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed a.s.sistant geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in 1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1869-1895. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Seminarists.= =L= Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.

=Semple, Robert= (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Ma.s.s. Engaged in mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. =Index=: =MS= Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce, _Manitoba_. _See also_ Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.

=Senate.= =B= Elective _versus_ nominative system discussed at Quebec Conference--latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its reorganization advocated by Canada First a.s.sociation, 236.