=St. Nicholas.= =WM= Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.

=St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de= (1753-1834). Entered public life on the establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member of the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785; and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs.

=Index=: =P= Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=St. Ours, Francois-Xavier de= (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of 1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham, where he was mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=St. Pater's Port, Guernsey.= =Bk= Home of the Brock family, 3-5.

=St. Paul's Bay.= On St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Contagious disease breaks out at, 190.

=St. Pierre.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

=St. Pierre.= An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, with the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, const.i.tute all that remains of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was finally ceded to France. =Index=: =Ch= French captured by Kirke, landed on, 174.

=St. Regis Indians.= A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line between Canada and the United States. =Index=: =Hd= Compensation paid to, for lands required for Loyalists, 258.

=St. Rome, Chevalier de.= =WM= Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, 226; delayed by bad roads, 229.

=St. Sacrament Lake.= _See_ Lake George.

=St. Simon.= =F= His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.

=St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrieres des= (1653-1727).

Born at Gren.o.ble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval.

Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in 1704, on _La Seine_, taken prisoner by the English and detained in England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge diocese until his death. =Index=: =L= Recommended to succeed Laval, 199, 200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201; his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202; makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209; consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English vessel, 243. =F= Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337; pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition _Tartuffe_ shall not be produced, 337. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; _St. Valier et l'Hopital General de Quebec_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=St. Veran, Marquise de.= =WM= Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fort.i.tude, 8; Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.

=St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of= (1735-1823). British admiral. Served at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; became admiral of the fleet, 1821. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Cape St. Vincent, 10. =WM= Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Ste. Anne.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 22.

=Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of.= =L= At Quebec, 101.

=Ste. Croix Island.= Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal.

The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the former. =Index=: =Ch= Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; settlement there a failure, 24. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Ste. Croix River.= Also known as Schoodiac and Pa.s.samaquoddy. Rises in Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows into Pa.s.samaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. =Index=: =Ch= Name changed to St. Charles, 148.

=Ste. Foy.= Above Quebec. =Index=: =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.

=Ste. Foy, Battle of.= Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec upon the besieging French force under Levis, and was defeated, being driven back into his intrenchments. =Index=: =WM= Description of, 264; horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes, 266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. _See also_ Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Levis; Murray. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Ste. Suzanne.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Upper Riviere du Loup, 52.

=Ste. Therese.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =L= Fort erected at, 53.

=Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de= (1778-1829). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years under General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812, promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative a.s.sembly. =Index=: =Bk= Corps raised and commanded by, 189, 191. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict.

Nat. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ Chateauquay.

=Salaberry, Colonel de.= =BL= Comes to Kingston to solicit office of provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment, 173.

=Salaries, Civil.= =S= In Upper Canada, 177.

=Salmon Falls.= =L= Hamlet, destruction of, 229. =F= Ma.s.sacre of, 251.

=Salmon River.= =L= La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.

=Salt.= =S= Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.

=Samos.= =WM= Battery at, captured, 182.

=Sandwich.= A town in Ess.e.x County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by the soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named after the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. =Index=: =Bk= Military fort, 59; occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated by Americans, 248. =BL= Early munic.i.p.al government of, 298. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=Sangster, Charles= (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in public service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; for many years prior to his death employed in the civil service at Ottawa. =Bib.=: Works: _The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other Poems; Hesperus and other Poems and Lyrics_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Sangster, J. H.= =R= On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.

=San Juan Boundary.= Dispute arose between the United States and Great Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase "middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled.

A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who decided in favour of the United States. =Index=: =Md= Brought up under Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty, 178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on, 179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Sanstein.= =Ch= Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de Caen Companies, 138.

=Saskatchewan.= Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then extended from long. 111 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of a.s.siniboia, to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan, created in 1905, extends from long. 110 on the west to the Manitoba boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60, which forms the northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. _See also_ North-West Territories. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=Saskatchewan Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1885.

=Saskatchewan River.= Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow River, about lat. 51 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is 865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760 miles. La Verendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the sh.o.r.es of Cedar Lake.

He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquiere. Anthony Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company.

=Bib.=: White, _Atlas of Canada_; Tyrrell, _Report on Northern Alberta_ (Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and a.s.siniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.

[Ill.u.s.tration: The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson]

=Saskatchewan, University of.= Act pa.s.sed establishing the university, 1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at Saskatoon, 1909.

=Sault-au-Matelot.= =Dr= Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.

=Sault St. Louis.= =Ch= Called after young man named Louis drowned there, 69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. =L= Converted Iroquois settled at, 9, 74.

=Sault Ste. Marie.= The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario.

=Index=: =L= Mission established at, 11.

=Saumarez, Sir Thomas.= =Bk= His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.

=Saunders, Sir Charles= (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy in 1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord Anson. Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part in Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760 commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank of admiral. =Index=: =WM= Appointed to naval command of expedition against Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; his fleet detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse Channel, 90; joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders burning of two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, 164, 174; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower Town, 231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.