=Belleville=. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain Myers in 1790. =Index=: =BL= Early munic.i.p.al government of, 298; riot over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.

=Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of= (1636-1701). Member of Parliament, 1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of New York, and afterwards of Ma.s.sachusetts. =Index=: =F= Corresponds with Frontenac, 355. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Belmont, Francois Vachon de.= Came to Canada from France in 1680, and joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a _History of Canada_, which was published in the first series of Historical Doc.u.ments of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. =Index=: =F= On number of captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and footnote. =L= His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.

=Benediction.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.

=Bennett, George.= =B= An employee of the _Globe_, 256; shoots George Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.

=Bentham, Jeremy= (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics. =Index=: =Sy= An a.s.sociate of Sydenham's, 13. =Bib.=: _Works_, ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bentivoglis.= Papal Nuncio. =Index=: =Ch= Authorizes establishment of church in Canada, 84.

=Bering, Vitus= (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741.

=Index=: =D= His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. =Bib.=: Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_; Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Bering Sea Question.= Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in 1886, on the plea that these waters const.i.tuted a _mare clausum_, or closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their vessels. =Index=: =D= Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.

=Berkeley, George Cranfield= (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St.

Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the _Victory_ at Ushant, 1778. In 1786 surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the _Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_. =Index=: =Bk= Gave instructions in matter of deserters enlisted in _Chesapeake_, 83; recalled, 85. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Berlin Decrees.= Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was to close the continent against British commerce. The British government retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the right of trading from one hostile port to another. =Index=: =Bk= Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172. =Bib.:= _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Green, _Short History of the English People_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Bernard, Hewitt= (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed a.s.sistant commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties.

Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. =Index=: =T= Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.= =L= On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.

=Bernetz, Chevalier de.= =WM= Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.

=Bernieres, Henri de= (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with Laval in 1659. Cure of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. =Index=: =F= Grand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111. =L= Head of retreat at Caen, 24; first superior of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, _Henri de Bernieres_.

=Bernieres, Jean de.= =L= His "Hermitage," 24, 25.

=Berry Brigade.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.

=Berthelot, Francois.= =L= Laval's relations with, 138. =E= His seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.

=Berthier, Alexandre= (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellecha.s.se County, Quebec. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in campaign against Iroquois, 209. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Bethune, Alexander Neil= (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York (Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_.

=Bethune, John.= Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards appointed to a mission in Glengarry. =Index=: =S= Presbyterian minister, reputed author of pet.i.tion, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received stipend from the government, 164. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Macdonell, _Sketches Ill.u.s.trating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_.

=Betts.= =T= Proposes construction of European and North American Railway, 26, 27.

=Beveridge.= =T= Seconds the address in New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 115.

=Biard, Pierre= (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Ma.s.se--the first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard sailed with Ma.s.se for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures Biard finally reached France and remained there. =Bib.=: Biard, _Relation_; Carayon, _Premiere Mission des Jesuites au Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Bibaud, Michel= (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael.

=Index=: =L= Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. =P= On Papineau, 56.

=Hd= On Haldimand, 291. =Bib.=: =Works=: _epitres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et autre Pieces de Vers_; _Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Bidwell, Barnabas.= =R= Election contests, 63.

=Bidwell, Marshall Spring= (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member of the Upper Canada a.s.sembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 resulted in his banishment. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker of the House, 151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; accepts voluntary exile, 358. =R= One of the leaders of the popular party in Upper Canada a.s.sembly, 66, 67. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_.

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles= (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits Biard and Ma.s.se. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held up to the time of his death. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Patterson, _Last Days of Charles de Biencourt_ (R. S. C., 1896).

=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just= (1557-1615).

Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France and fell in the attack on Mery. =Index=: =Ch= Goes with De Monts to Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in exploration and erects crosses on coast (Ma.s.sachusetts), 35; returns to France, 37. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. _See also_ Lescarbot; Champlain; De Monts.

=Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de= (1680-1768). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Joins war party against Schenectady, 235.

=Bib.=: King, _Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville_; Reed, _The First Great Canadian_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_. _See also_ Iberville.

=Bierce.= =Mc= Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; retreats, 447.

=Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).= =F= Onondaga orator, 184, 221.

=Biggar, James L.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

=Bignon.= =Ch= Crown lawyer in proceedings _re_ Champlain's will, 265.

=Bigot, Francois.= Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage.

Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still powerful enough to extricate him from this sc.r.a.pe, and to secure him the office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. =Index=: =WM= Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to Bougainville, 165. =Hd= Disliked, 52. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Billings, Elkanah= (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa.

Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same year established the _Canadian Naturalist_. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Ami, _Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings_.

=Billings, Joseph.= Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his last voyage on the _Discovery_; and afterwards entered the Russian navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska.

=Index=: =D= Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Bindon.= =Dr= Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.

=Bizard.= =F= Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.

=Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron= (1811-1889). Born in England.

Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy councillor. =Index=: =Md= On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, 126-127. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Black, John= (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, 1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died.

=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_.

=Black, John= (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of the church at Kildonan until his death. =Bib.=: Bryce, _John Black: The Apostle of the Red River_.

=Black, William= (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American Wesleyan missions. =Index=: =W= The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in Maritime Provinces, 137. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._