=Nip.i.s.sing Lake.= Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name.

Discovered by the Recollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year.

Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. =Index=: =Ch= Visited by Champlain, 88.

=Nip.i.s.sirini.= _See_ Nip.i.s.sing.

=n.o.ble, Colonel Arthur.= A Ma.s.sachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pre without opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers surprised the British garrison at Grand Pre, and in the fight n.o.ble and his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest forced to capitulate. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_.

=Nomenclature.= =D= Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; Spanish, 36. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Non-importation Act.= =Bk= Pa.s.sed by Congress, 84.

=Nootka Affair.= =D= Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes _Iphigenie_ and _North-West America_, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of rest.i.tution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. =Dr= Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_.

=Nootka Sound.= On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. =Index=: =D= Supposed to have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, 26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds _North-West America_ there, 28; natives destroy American ship _Boston_ and murder crew, 1803, 37. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of= (1797-1863). Entered Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, 1839-1841; amba.s.sador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, 1854-1858. =Index=: =Sy= Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Normandy.= =L= Many of colonists natives of, 116.

=Norquay, John= (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the a.s.sembly of Manitoba, and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, 1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, when he resigned. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Rose, _Cyc.

Can. Biog._

=North, Lord Frederick.= _See_ Guilford.

=North American.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index.=: =B= The organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the _Globe_, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. =BL= Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.

=North American Colonial a.s.sociation.= =Sy= On appointment of Poulett Thomson (Sydenham), 132.

=North American Fur Company.= =D= Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor at head of, 134. _See also_ Astor; Pacific Fur Company.

=North-West America.= =D= Built by Meares at Nootka--first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to China, 29.

=North-West Coast.= =D= Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Perouse explores in 1788, 25; etienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26.

=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=North West Company.= Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or _bourgeois_, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =MS= Early beginnings--Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, 4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, 16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, 161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the colony, 174-176. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. =Hd= Establishment of, 261-263. =Bk= Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Henry-Thompson, _Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; _Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Country_; _Sketch of the British Fur Trade_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Ta.s.se, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.

=North-West Pa.s.sage.= =D= Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.

=North-West Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion.

=North-West Territories.= Comprised all the western portions of Canada, except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were formed--a.s.siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. =Index=: =B= Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, 213; _Globe_ article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in the _Globe_ on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and settlement of, 216; _Globe_ carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by Niagara _Mail_, 217-218; and Montreal _Transcript_, 218; matter taken up by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate schools opposed by George Brown, 249. =Md= Terms upon which Hudson's Bay Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. _See also_ a.s.siniboia; Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. =Bib.=: Adam, _Canadian North-West_; Ta.s.se, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Dugas, _Legendes du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Hind, _North-West Territory_; MacBeth, _Making of the Canadian West_.

=Northern Railway.= Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk.

=Index=: =E= Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.

=Norton, John.= Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went to Georgia. Died in Scotland. =Index=: =Bk= In battle of Queenston Heights, 310. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, ed. by Ca.s.selman.

=Norway House.= Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in McLeod's _Peace River_, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed in building the old fort. =Index=: =MS= Selkirk colonists at Jack River, 163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Notre Dame de la Recouvrance.= First parish church of Quebec; built by Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, 1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the Basilica of Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, 240; burnt, 241. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, 176.

=Notre Dame des Anges.= =Ch= Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Recollet convent dedicated to, 148.

=Notre Dame des Victoires.= Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in 1817. =Index=: =L= Church of, 185. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Noue, Anne de= (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. =L= Death of, 5. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Nouveau Monde.= =C= Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, 81-82.

=Nova Scotia.= Acadia of the French regime. The present name dates from 1621, when Sir William Alexander (_q.v._) obtained from King James I a grant of all the territory now const.i.tuting the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony.

=Index=: =Ch= Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. =Dr= Carleton arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and Quebec, 236. =B= Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206.

=Md= Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives "better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. _See also_ Acadia; New Brunswick; Halifax. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Moorson, _Letters from Nova Scotia_; Cozzens, _Acadia_.

=Nova Scotian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.

=Noyrot, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.

=Oblate Fathers.= A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and in the North-West. =Index=: =L= Their labours in Canada, 1.

=O'Brien, William Edward= (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896.

=Index=: =Md= His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat, 289. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Observer.= =Mc= Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.

=O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey= (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the _Vindicator_, 1834. Elected to the a.s.sembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed in editing the records of the state at Albany. =Index=: =P= Edits the _Vindicator_, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec _Mercury_, 122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, 145-149. =BL= Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49.

=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=O'Connell, Daniel= (1775-1847). Irish statesman. =Index=: =Mc= Befriends Mackenzie, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Chambers, _Biog.

Dict._, and lives mentioned in article.

=O'Connor, John= (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Ma.s.s. Came to Canada, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at Sandwich. Defeated for the a.s.sembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, 1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1884. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Ochateguin.= =Ch= Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; wounded in battle, 103.

=Ochterlony, Captain.= =WM= Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.

=Odell.= =W= Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.

=Odell, William Franklin.= =W= Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.

=Odell, William Hunter= (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, 1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. =Index=: =T= Son of W.

F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=O'Donoghue, William B.= A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.