=Ogden.= =S= Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen of the United States, 190.

=Ogden, Charles Richard= (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and called to the bar, 1812; elected to the a.s.sembly for Three Rivers, 1815; attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, 1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as well as district registrar at Liverpool. =Index=: =Sy= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 283. =BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's att.i.tude to, 80; his retirement suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Ogden, Isaac.= Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England.

Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.

=Ogden, Peter Skene= (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (_q.v._). Entered the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. =Index=: =D= Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; a.s.sociated with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285.

=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Ogdensburg.= _See_ Oswegatchie.

=O'Grady, Doctor.= =Mc= Publishes _Correspondent and Advocate_, 259; visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Ohio River.= One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. =Index=: =WM= First named La Belle Riviere, 19. =S= Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, 120, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_.

=Ohio Valley.= =WM= French retreat from, 62.

=Olbeau, Jean d'.= Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in 1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou until 1643. =Index=: =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone of Recollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Old Company.= =F= Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36.

_See also_ Company of New France.

=Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques= (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645.

Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the future city. =Index=: =L= His designs for establishing a religious centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. =F= Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32.

=Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Oneidas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west.

In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara peninsula. =Index=: =F= Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. =Ch= Iroquois tribe, 50. =L= Frontenac marches against, 233. =Hd= Their wavering fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.

=Onneyouts.= _See_ Oneidas.

=Onondaga.= =S= Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks on, at Kingston, 183.

=Onondagas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. =Index=: =F= Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. =Ch= Indian tribe, 50.

=L= Frontenac marches against, 233. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.

=Onontagues.= _See_ Onondagas.

=Onontio (Big Mountain).= =F= Name applied by Indians to French governors, 35.

=Ontario.= =Hd= Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.

=Ontario.= Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, etienne Brule, and Brebeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century.

=Index=: =W= Abolishes second chamber, 71. _See also_ Upper Canada; New Ontario. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Smith, _Geographical View of Upper Canada_; Gourlay, _Statistical Account of Upper Canada_; Haight, _Country Life in Canada_; Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper Canada_; Moodie, _Roughing it in the Bush_; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_; Strickland, _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_; Clarke, _Sixty Years in Upper Canada_; Conant, _Upper Canada Sketches_.

=Ontario Boundary Dispute.= =Md= Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of, 257-258. =Bib.=: Mills, _Report on Boundaries of Ontario_; Lindsey, _Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario_; _Doc.u.ments relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878_; _Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882_; _Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889_; Biggar, _Life of Sir Oliver Mowat_.

=Ontario, Lake.= The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square miles. Discovered by etienne Brule in 1615.

=Orders-in-Council.= =Bk= British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._

=Ordre du Bon Temps.= =Ch= Social club established at Port Royal, 36.

=Oregon.= =D= Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of ships _Convoy_ and _Owyhee_, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, 183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and the United States, 62-64. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Foster, _Bibliography of Oregon_ in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vol. xxv.

=Oregon Boundary Question.= =D= Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish t.i.tle, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish t.i.tle in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; att.i.tude of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, 157; a.n.a.lyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. =BL= Treaty removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272.

=E= Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. =Md= Settled by treaty of June 15, 1846, 178. =Bib.=: _Lit. Amer. Hist._; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Gray, _History of Oregon_; Hodgins, _British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Schafer, _History of the Pacific North-West_; _History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States has been a Party_; Egerton, _Canada_.

=Orehaoue.= =F= Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339.

=Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of= (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, 1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he printed his various works. =Index=: =WM= His statement regarding Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Oriskany.= =Dr= Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.

=Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of= (1608-1660). =Ch= Conspires against his brother Louis XIII, 215.

=Orleans, Isle of.= In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec.

=Index=: =WM= Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. =L= Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jesus, 138. =Ch= Granted to Guillaume de Caen, 140. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Ormiston, William.= Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union schools, 254-255, 257.

=Ormsby, Major.= =Bk= Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.

=Osgoode, William= (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. =Index=: =S= Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, 178. =Dr= Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Osler, William= (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, 1904. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.

=Oswald, Richard= (1705-1784). =Dr= Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, 192, 213. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Oswegatchie.= Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. =Index=: =Dr= Captain Foster stationed at, 142. =Hd= Starting-point of many scouting parties, 150.

=Oswego.= =Hd= British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260.

=WM= Capture of, 34.

=Otis, Charles Pomeroy.= =Ch= Translator of Champlain's _Voyages_, 277.

=Otoucha.= =Ch= Huron village, 88.

=Ottawa.= Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Ca.n.a.l, and whose workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion.

=Index=: =E= Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the Dominion, 79. =B= Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. _See also_ Bytown. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Canada and its Capital_; Gourlay, _History of the Ottawa Valley_; Gard, _The Hub and the Spokes_; Scott, _The Choice of the Capital_. _See also_ papers by Mrs. H. J.

Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 1; B. Sulte, _The Name of Ottawa_ in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. Soc. _Trans._, 1898-1899.

=Ottawa Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians on French River. They were called the _Cheveux Releves_, because of their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century continued to bring down quant.i.ties of furs from the west to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered on reservations in Ontario. =Index=: =F= Keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310. =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148.

=Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. _See also_ Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada _Trans._, 1903 and 1904.

=Ottawa River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Ca.n.a.l. =Index=: =P= Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Sulte, _The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650_ (R. S. C., 1898-1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Keefer, _Montreal and the Ottawa_; Stewart, _Georgian Bay Ca.n.a.l_.