=Needham, William H.= =T= Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, 86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.

=Negroes.= =Dr= Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. _See also_ Slavery.

=Neilson, John= (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and in 1797 edited the Quebec _Gazette_. Member of the provincial a.s.sembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. =Index=: =Sy= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. =P= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_--supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian pet.i.tion, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent att.i.tude towards government, 86; loses his seat in a.s.sembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, 169. =BL= Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Nelles, S. S.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

=Nelson, Horatio, Viscount= (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St.

Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. =Index=: =Bk= His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. =Hd= Captain of _Albemarle_, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Southey, _Life of Nelson_; Mahan, _Life of Nelson_; _Dispatches and Letters_, ed. by Nicolas. _See also_ lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.

=Nelson, Robert= (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J.

Papineau to the a.s.sembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. =Index=: =P= Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nelson, Wolfred= (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison Inspectors, 1859. =Index=: =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads _Patriotes_ at St. Denis, 128; said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145.

=E= His misguided att.i.tude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted to return from exile, 91. =BL= Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354.

=C= Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358.

=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nelson River.= Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas b.u.t.ton in 1612. He wintered there, 1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631.

The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (_q.v._).

=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Neptune.= =WM= Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.

=Nesbitt, William.= Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years.

Elected to the a.s.sembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Nesle, Captain de.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252.

=Neuchatel, Canton of.= =Hd= Haldimand born in, 3.

=Neutral Nation.= An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north sh.o.r.e of Lake Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brebeuf and Chaumonot, in 1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superst.i.tious.

Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, _Relations_, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, _Relations_, 1648, 1651.

=New Brunswick.= The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St.

Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a separate province. =Index=: =Dr= Creation of province, 224. =Sy= Satisfactory political condition of, 265. =B= Confederation an issue in, and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. =Md= Its att.i.tude towards Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of 1878, 228; a.s.sents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, 298. _See also_ Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_ and _History of New Brunswick_.

=New Brunswick, College of.= =W= Early history of, 10. _See also_ New Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).

=New Brunswick, University of.= =W= Established as provincial university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. =T= History of, 48-49. _See also_ New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).

=New Brunswick Land Company.= =W= Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, 36.

=New Caledonia.= =D= Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other products of the district, 99. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

=New Company.= =F= Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36.

=New France.= Name given to the French possessions in North America, otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. =Index=: =E= Government of, 171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. =Ch= Population of colony in 1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. _See also_ Canada; Acadia; Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lescarbot, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Cartier, _Voyages_; Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Works_.

=Newfoundland.= Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of _A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland_. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative a.s.sembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success.

=Index=: =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =F= English settlements in, attacked, 46. =L= French successful in, 232. =Md= Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Prowse, _History of Newfoundland_; Reeves, _Governors of Newfoundland_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Hatton and Harvey, _Newfoundland_; Willson, _The Tenth Island_.

=New Langley.= =D= Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

=New Ontario.= Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. =Bib.=: _North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications_.

=New Orleans.= =Hd= Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; emba.s.sy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

=New Westminster.= A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C.

Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. =Index=: =D= Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247.

=Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=New York City.= =Hd= Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

=New York State.= =Hd= Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. =F= British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

=Newark.= _See_ Niagara.

=Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of= (1811-1864).

Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. =Index=: =E= Secretary of state for colonies, 167. =Md= Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218.

=T= And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=News.= Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. =Index=: =Mc= Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

=Newspapers.= =Mc= Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. _See also_ under names of individual newspapers.

=Niagara= (=Newark=). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. =Index=: =Bk= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. =S= First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. =L= Fort built at, 216. =Bib.=: Kirby, _Annals of Niagara_; _Reminiscences of Niagara_ (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, _Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820_.

=Niagara Falls.= First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's _Relation des Hurons,_ 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin.

=Bib.=: Hulbert, _Niagara River_; Spencer, _Falls of Niagara_.

=Niagara, Fort.= =S= Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. =Hd= Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. =Bk= Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

=Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

=Nicholson, Sir Francis= (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Nicolet, Jean= (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nip.i.s.sings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the _Jesuit Relations_.

Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. =Index=: =Ch= Arrives in Canada, 144. =Bib.=: b.u.t.terfield, _Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Ninety-Two Resolutions.= =P= Drafted by Morin--embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. =BL= Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Nipigon Lake.= Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Verendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 edouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

=Nipisiguit.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 235.

=Nip.i.s.sing Indians.= A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nip.i.s.sing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the _Nebecerini_. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as _Sorciers_, from their ill repute as magicians. =Index=: =Ch= Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77.

=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of North American Indians_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.