=Cosmos, Amor de.= =D= Editor of _British Colonist_, 271; bitter opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Costa, Francis.= =S= Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.

=Costigan, John=, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894.

=Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of const.i.tution to secure separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Cote Ste. Genevieve.= =WM= Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186, 252.

=Coteau du Lac.= =Hd= Ca.n.a.l at, 185.

=Coton, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Recollets, 151.

=Couillard, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.

=Couillard, Henry.= =Ch= Captain of the _Don de Dieu_, 39.

=Couillard, Jacques.= =Ch= An interpreter, 144.

=Council.= _See_ Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign Council.

=Council of a.s.siniboia.= Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Tache, Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a public building. =Index=: =MS= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_.

=County Courts.= =Sy= Act pa.s.sed establishing, 339.

=Courcelles, Daniel de Remy, Sieur de.= Governor of Canada, 1665-1672.

His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits.

The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon was twice intendant of New France during the same period. =Index=: =F= Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, 52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. =L= Appointed governor, 51; stands G.o.dfather to converted Iroquois chief, 65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902).

=Coureurs de bois.= =WM= Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. =Hd= Stir up Indians against British, 55. =F= Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two cla.s.ses of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments prescribed for offenders, 128. =L= Mentioned, 158; decree against, 159. =D= Their character, 52. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index, R.

S. C.; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Courier.= Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.

=Courier, Upper Canada.= =Mc= Publishes doggerel abuse of a.s.sembly, 165.

=Courtemanche, De.= =F= Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. =WM= Goes to island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.

=Courts of Justice.= =Dr= Established, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians, 41; reform of, 54.

=Courval, De.= =WM= Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.

=Couture, Guillaume.= Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues (_q.v._), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers Dablon and Drouillette (_q.v._) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay.

Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Cowlitz=. =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.

=c.o.x, Ross.= Went to Astoria on the _Beaver_ in 1811-1812 as an employee of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the princ.i.p.al sources of Irving's _Astoria_, and is a valuable account of the fur trade on the Pacific coast. =Bib.=: _Adventures on the Columbia River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Craig, Sir James= (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811.

=Index=: =P=Governor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians, 28; suppresses _Le Canadien_, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish priests, suspension of const.i.tution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians'

estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31. =Bk= Governor-general and commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves a.s.sembly, 116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the a.s.sembly, 127; seizes _Canadien_ newspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bedard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156. =E= His shortcomings as a colonial governor, 1, 19. =BL= His "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17. =Bib.=: Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Cramahe, Hector Theophilus=. =Dr= Member of Council, sent by Murray on mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an a.s.sembly, 61; lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. =Hd= Haldimand solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal relations with Haldimand, 313. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Cramoisy, Sebastien=. =Ch= One of the Hundred a.s.sociates (Company of New France), 171.

=Crane, William.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by a.s.sembly, 46; appointed to Council, 69; resigns, 72.

=Crawford, Isabella Valancy= (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of her _Poems_ published, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald.

=Crawford, John Willoughby= (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative a.s.sembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto. =Index=: =B= Defeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Crawford, Colonel.= =Hd= Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.

=Crawley, Edmund Albern= (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, 1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered the ministry; and became the princ.i.p.al founder of Acadia College.

=Index=: =H= Halifax lawyer--becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.

=Credit River.= Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, fourteen miles west of Toronto. =Index=: =Bk= Tract of land on, purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. _See also_ Ryerson.

=Cree Indians.= An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging throughout what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit _Relations_, 1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay Company. They formed an alliance with the a.s.siniboines, formerly of Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained their former numbers. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Harmon, _Journal_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_.

=Creek Indians.= A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida.

First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. =Index=: =Hd= War with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion of, 98. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Creighton, John= (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative a.s.sembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council, 1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.

=Cremazie, Octave= (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having made a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to France, and died there in poverty. One of the founders of the _Inst.i.tut Canadien_ of Quebec; and contributed for some years to the _Soirees Canadiennes_ and other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, under the patronage of the _Inst.i.tut Canadien_, with an introduction by Abbe Casgrain. =Bib.=: _[OE]uvres Completes_, Montreal, 1882. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _Biog._; Gagnon, _Quelques Notes sur O. Cremazie_ in _Revue Canadienne_, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbe Casgrain (vol. 31); and by Abbe Degagne (vol. 30).

=Crillon, Count Edward de.= =Bk= His connection with the John Henry letters, 186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.

=Criminal Law of England.= =Dr= Established by Quebec Act, 64. =BL= Amendments of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.

=Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de.= =F= Conducts expedition for restoration of Fort Frontenac, 341.

=Crooks, Adam= (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto.

Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the a.s.sembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto, 1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general, 1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876 the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.

Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Crooks, James= (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can.

Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Crosby, Thomas=. =D= Methodist missionary--arrives, 1862, 270; opens school at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.

=Crown Point.= West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frederic was built here in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of the site of Fort Frederic. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory.

_See_ Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. =Index=: =Dr= Seized by Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. =Hd= Haldimand commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; fort built by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, 90; vessels cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be destroyed, 137; St. Leger sent to occupy, 211. =Bib.=: Crockett, _History of Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.

=Crow's Nest Pa.s.s.= Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, Michael Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company.

The pa.s.s took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge des Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859.

The original Cree name, of which these are translations, is Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. =Bib.=: Dawson, _Crow's Nest Pa.s.s_ (Geol.