=Commerce.= =Bk= In Upper Canada, 50. _See also_ Trade.

=Commercial Union.= Complete and entire free trade with the United States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February, 1852. (_See_ Montreal _Gazette_, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896.

=Index=: =Md= Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298. _See also_ Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein. =Bib.=: _Canadian Emanc.i.p.ation and Commercial Union_; Adam, _Handbook of Commercial Union_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Commissariat Department.= =S= Abuses in, 212.

=Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).= Organized by David Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St.

Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their a.s.sociates to an untimely end. =Index=: =Ch= Letters patent granted to, 176. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Company of De Caen.= Organized by William de Caen and his nephew Emery, merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, 1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. =Index=: =Ch= Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation of two companies, 136-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-a.s.socies).= Established, 1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its monopoly until 1663. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 41; renders a.s.sistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145. =Ch= Established, 169; list of directors, 170; doc.u.ments relating to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; appoints Champlain governor, 244. =F= Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, 1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Consecrates the island of Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St.

Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.

=Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).= Established at the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought out Louis Hebert and his family. Hebert's experience as a colonist was not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's monopoly was cancelled in 1620. =Index=: =Ch= Formed by Champlain, 122; its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the Prince de Conde, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; absorbed by Company of De Caen, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, 133-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).= Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The Christianization of the native tribes was given as the princ.i.p.al object of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 145. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Conde, Prince Henri de= (1588-1646). =Ch= Licenses three vessels to trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's _Quatrieme Voyage_, 79; contributes to building of Recollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Confederation.= The first definite step in the movement looking towards the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from Canada (const.i.tuting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and framed the British North America Act. The Act was pa.s.sed by the Imperial Parliament, and received the queen's a.s.sent, March, 1867. It was proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905.

=Index=: =Mc= Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105.

=T= History of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. =Md= History of the movement, 93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; att.i.tude of Macdonald and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114; legislative _versus_ federal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; pa.s.sed by a.s.sembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121; supported by Brown in _Globe_, 123; Monck's impatience over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127; British North America Act pa.s.sed and receives royal a.s.sent, 127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. =Sy= Favoured at first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. =H= J. W.

Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's att.i.tude towards, 180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax _Chronicle_, 189. =C= Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; Canadian const.i.tution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in Quebec, 63-64. =E= Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of Union Act, 118. =B= Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions pa.s.sed, 185; the mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; att.i.tude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in process of expansion, 264. =BL= The Toronto _Church_ proposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125. =P= Papineau's opposition to, 199. _See also_ Charlottetown Conference; Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe; Cartier. =Bib.:= Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Cauchon, _Union of British North American Provinces_; Howe, _Organization of the Empire_; McGee, _Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces_; Hamilton, _Union of the Colonies of British North America_; Pope, _Confederation Doc.u.ments_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation_, 1865; Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_. References to pamphlet and other material on this subject will be found in Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Congregation de Notre Dame.= =F= Montreal, established, 29.

=Congress, United States.= =Dr= Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199.

=Hd= Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its att.i.tude towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed, 225; pa.s.ses laws against Loyalists, 252; sends amba.s.sador to Canada, 259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.

=Conkling, Senator Roscoe= (1829-1888). American statesman. =Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.

=Connecticut.= =F= Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.

=Connell, Charles.= =T= Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of Mitch.e.l.l government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.

=Connolly, William.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his family, 224. =D= Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native wife, and family, 99.

=Conolly, William.= =Dr= Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, 1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.

=Connor, George Skeffington.= Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat in the a.s.sembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Conseil Souverain.= _See_ Sovereign Council.

=Conservative Party.= =B= Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First a.s.sociation, 241. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Const.i.tution.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, 321; draft const.i.tution of provisional government published in, 356.

=Const.i.tutional Act, 1791.= The Act was designed to harmonize the conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two provinces,--Upper and Lower Canada,--thereby giving to each a larger control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative a.s.sembly, elected by the people. _See_ other const.i.tutional acts: Quebec Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. =Index=: =E= Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. =C= Its weak points, 6; const.i.tution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed by Durham, 12-13. =B= Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. =Sy= A fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British const.i.tution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80. =S= Introduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9; pa.s.sed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48. =R= Its terms and how they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103. =BL= Its terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344. =P= Divides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; const.i.tution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38. =Mc= Its objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative a.s.sembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77.

=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_ and _Manual of the Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments; Dominion Archives Report_, 1890; Watson, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Selected Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Const.i.tutional History_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_.

=Const.i.tutional a.s.sociations.= =Sy= Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the provinces, 112.

=Const.i.tutional Reform Society.= =BL= Organized in Upper Canada, July 16, 1836. =Dr= William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its programme, 42.

=Cook, Dr. Henry.= =T= Tilley in his service, 7.

=Cook, Captain James= (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770.

In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. =Index=: =D= At Nootka, 14; motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West pa.s.sage, 19; his voyage of 1778, 20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, 21. =Bib.=: _Voyage to the Pacific Ocean._ For biog., _see_ Besant, _Captain Cook_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cook River.= =D= Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788, 27, 28.

=Coote's Paradise.= =Bk= Early name of Hamilton, 52. _See also_ Hamilton.

=Copenhagen, Battle of= (1801). =Bk= Description of, 25-31; bombardment of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106.

=Coppermine River.= Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110, and south of lat. 66, and after a course of 525 miles flows into Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, 1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. =Index=: =D= Discovered by Hearne, 51. =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. _See_ Hearne. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen Ocean_; Franklin, _Journey to the Polar Sea_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_.

=Coquart, Claude-G.o.defroy.= Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Verendrye on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La Verendrye's explorations.

=Coram, Joseph.= =T= Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.

=Corbiere, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

=Corlaer.= _See_ Schenectady. =Index=: =F= Indian name for governors of New York, 253.

=Corn Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52.

=B= Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.

=Cornwall Ca.n.a.l.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98. =Bib.=: Keefer, _Ca.n.a.ls of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L.

N. Rheaume, _Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Ca.n.a.l_ (Women's Can.

Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._).

=Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis= (1738-1805). Served in American Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender.

Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793.

Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. =Index=: =Bk= British plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. =Dr= Surrender at Yorktown, 191. =Hd= His capitulation, 211-212, 297. =Bib.=: Cornwallis, _Despatches_; Kaye, _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Johnston, _Yorktown Campaign_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Cornwallis, Edward.= Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Corpo, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62.

=Correspondent and Advocate.= Newspaper. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published by Dr. O'Grady, 259.

=Corrupt Practices.= =BL= Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites great public attention, 99; pa.s.sed by a.s.sembly, but rejected by Legislative Council, 100.

=Corvee.= =Hd= Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.