=Clark, Samuel.= =T= Rector of Gagetown, 5.

=Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas.= =Bk= Command a.s.signed to, on Niagara frontier, 206. =Hd= Death of his wife, 237.

=Clark, Sir William Mortimer= (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland.

Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Clarke, Captain.= =F= Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec, 303.

=Clarke, Sir Alured= (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made field-marshal, 1830. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249; administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to counties, 269. =S= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Clarke, Jonathan.= =S= Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, 167.

=Claus, Colonel.= =Bk= Command a.s.signed to, on Niagara frontier, 206.

=Clay, Henry= (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. =Index=: =Bk= His confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Works_, ed. by Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, _Life of Henry Clay_; _Cyc.

Am. Biog._

=Clayoquot Sound.= West coast of Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Natives of, attack _Tonquin_, 1811, and ma.s.sacre crew, 37.

=Clear Grits.= =B= Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; denounced by the _Globe_, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, 235. =C= Clamouring against inst.i.tutions of Quebec, 25. =E= Leading members of party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes recognized leader, 112; influence of party--defection of Rolph and Cameron, 112; attack government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite with Conservatives and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their strength in 1854, 134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to French-Canadians, 137; advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, 163. =BL= Beginnings of, 335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection with, 342. =Md= Struggle against religious and racial influence, 46; George Brown first opposes and later becomes leader of, 54. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; MacKenzie, _George Brown_.

=Clement, Pierre.= =Dr= On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on galley service, 215. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Colbert_; _Madame de Montespan et Louis XIV_.

=Clergy, French-Canadian.= =Dr= Faithful to the British government, 72, 80. =Hd= Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's att.i.tude towards, 180, 181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.

=Clergy Reserves.= =Md= Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, 13, 28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, carried out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces bill, Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill pa.s.sed by a.s.sembly, November 23, and by Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. =S= Created by Const.i.tutional Act, 12, 156. =Dr= Created by Const.i.tutional Act, 267. =Sy= Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, in Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for settlement of questions, 245-246; att.i.tude of Reform party respecting, 246; bill recommended by governor pa.s.sed and sent home for approval, 248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. =BL= Set apart by Const.i.tutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement, 339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of question, 343-349. =B= Tache advises French-Canadians to oppose secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. =R= Ryerson enters the controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided for, in Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37; dominance of Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the Reserves, 47; question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of Scotland, 48-49; pet.i.tion and claims referred to select committee of British House of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and appropriation of proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir George Arthur proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; Ryerson's att.i.tude towards division, 119-120. =E= Granted to Protestant clergy by Const.i.tutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's att.i.tude towards, 102-103; La Fontaine's att.i.tude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature receives power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132; secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169; report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act pa.s.ses, 158-159; its repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161--162; provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168.

=Mc= Created by Const.i.tutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71; Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's position, 283. =Bib.=: Lindsey, _The Clergy Reserves_; Hincks's Letters in Montreal _Herald_, December, 1882; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.

=Clermont, Chevalier de.= =F= Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

=Clermont, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 21.

=Clinton, Sir Henry= (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served in the South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. =Index=: =S= Replaced as commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for Queen's Rangers, 39. =Dr= Returns to England, 192. =Hd= In command at New York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring Vermont back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, on Ira Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of Vermont, 208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; Haldimand's letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, 280; his emoluments in America, 330. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Campaign in North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations_; _Observations on Stedman's American War_. For biog. _see Dict. Am.

Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=c.l.i.therow, John= (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel, 1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805; the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War.

Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. =Index=: =Sy= Closes session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Closse, Major.= =L= His piety, 8.

=Cloutier, Zacharie.= =Ch= Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.

=Club Democratique.= =C= Their appeal to the public, 26-27.

=Cobb, Sylva.n.u.s= (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Ma.s.s. Served in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Cobden, Richard= (1804-1865). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= A more advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. =Bib.=: Morley, _Life of Richard Cobden_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Cochrane, Thomas= (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck of the _Speedy_, while on his way to hold court. =Index=: =Bk= Drowned in foundering of the _Speedy_, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=c.o.c.kburn, James= (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the a.s.sembly, 1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. =Index=: =T= Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. =E= Last Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=c.o.c.krel.= =S= Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster, 167.

=Coffin, William Foster= (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England, 1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830.

Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of Canada and in the militia. =Bib.=: Works: _History of the War of 1812_; _Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Annual Register_, 1878.

=c.o.ke, Sir John= (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. =Index=: =Ch= English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Colbert, Jean Baptiste= (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV.

=Index=: =F= Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. =L= Minister of marine and colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch on subject of liquor traffic, 170. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._

=Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George= (1787-1870). After serving in the army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor of the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in 1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick.

Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856.

=Index=: =W= Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 76; action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity, 100-101. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Coles, George= (1810-1875). =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.

=Collins, Francis.= =Mc= Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes _Canadian Freeman_ in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and imprisoned, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Collver, Jabez.= =S= Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper Canada, 165.

=Colonial Advocate.= Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie.

=Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; reviews condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; reports debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to York, January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108; destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay 625 damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221; last issue, November, 1834, 259. =BL= Its extravagant language, 12; established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13; its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. =R= Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64, 66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.

=Colonial Conference, 1894.= Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were pa.s.sed in favour of an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned, July 11. _See also_ Imperial Conference. =Bib.=: _Proceedings of the Colonial Conference_, 1894; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_.

=Colonial Empire.= Newspaper, published at St. John. =Index=: =T= Brings charge against government, 51.

=Colonial Gazette.= Newspaper, published in London. =Index=: =Sy= Publishes article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not entirely confident of his success, 140.

=Colonist.= Newspaper, published in Toronto. =Index=: =B= Edited by Samuel Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.

=Colonization.= =L= Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from La Roch.e.l.le, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80.

=F= Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec, 7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable girls sent out, 57. =Ch= Character of, in New France, 143-147; by Company of New France, 168-169. =D= Impetus to, from western side, 2.

=Coltman, W. B.= A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. =Index=: =MS= Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.

=Columbia.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.

=Columbia Fur Company.= =D= Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North West Company, 134. _See also_ Astor; Astor Fur Company.

=Columbia River.= Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50 10', long. 115 50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. Its mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named by him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its princ.i.p.al branch is the Kootenay. =Index=: =D= Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian colony projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, 59; Lewis and Clark on, 67.

=Comfort, Thomas.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.