=Chaumonot, Joseph.= Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied Brebeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the north sh.o.r.e of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. =Index=: =L= Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of Holy Family, 86. =Bib.=: Shea, _Vie de Chaumonot_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.

=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard= (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. =Index=: =L= Makes plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. =WM= Criticized by Montcalm, 79. =Bib.=: _Traite de Fortification_.

=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard-Joseph.= Son of preceding. Engineer; made a legislative councillor, in 1774.

=Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier= (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated at Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County.

Represented the same const.i.tuency in the a.s.sembly until 1855.

Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal.

=Index=: =Md= Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. =C= Conservative leader in Quebec, 24; superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his character, 68. =E= One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; returned in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 113; provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164. =Bib.=: Works: _Charles Guerin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes_; _Francois-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres_; _L'Instruction Publique au Canada_; _Souvenirs et Legendes_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit.= A Huguenot, born at Dieppe.

Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600, bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in 1602. Died, 1603. =Index=: =Ch= Attempts to form settlement at Tadoussac, 8; left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. =F= Obtains patent for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_.

=Chedabucto=, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. =Index=: =F= Frontenac arrives at, 232.

=Cheffault.= =Ch= Agent of Company of New France, 244.

=Cherououng.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on emba.s.sy to Iroquois, 163.

=Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86.

=Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley= (1827-1896). Entered the House of Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. =Index=: =W= Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Chimeourimou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on emba.s.sy to Iroquois, 163.

=Chipman.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine Boundary commissioners, 8.

=Chipman, Ward.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. =T= Resigns as chief justice, 17.

=Chippewa Indians.= A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging along both sh.o.r.es of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640, as living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over 30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. =Index=: =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Grant, _Sauteux Indians_ in Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Chisholm, G. C.= =Sy= Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative a.s.sembly, 334.

=Chittenden, Thomas= (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797.

=Index=: =Hd= Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; negotiates with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; Ira Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. =Bib.=: Chipman, _Thomas Chittenden_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Choiseul, etienne-Francois, Duc de= (1719-1785). Minister of foreign affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761.

=Index=: =WM= French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.

=Cholera Epidemic=, 1832 and 1834. =P= Imported by immigrants, 87; government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. _See also_ Epidemics.

=Chouageun.= _See_ Oswega.

=Chouart= _dit_ =des Groseilliers, Medard=. Born in France about 1621.

Came to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a _donne_, or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his brother-in-law Radisson (_q.v._) made extensive explorations in the West and North, 1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was instrumental in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the foundations of its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the sh.o.r.es of Hudson Bay. =Bib.=: Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, _Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the.= =L= Arrival of, in Canada, 125.

=Christian Guardian.= =R= Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious, educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95; Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.

=Christie, Alexander.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and later governor of a.s.siniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Ryerson, _Story of my Life_.

=Christie, David= (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers.

Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative a.s.sembly, 1851-1854, and for East Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878.

Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor, 1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. =Index=: =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110.

=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Christie, Robert= (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled from the a.s.sembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec _Gazette_ and _Mercury_.

=Index=: =F= Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from a.s.sembly, 80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters to, 144, 181-182, 191-193. =Mc= On Union Act, 405. =Bib.=: _History of the Late Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of its Existence as a Separate Province_. For biog. _see_ Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Chronicle.= Newspaper, published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Published by Wm. Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, on Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's "Botheration Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes Confederation, 189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, 210-212.

=Chronicle and Gazette.= Newspaper published at Kingston. =Index=: =Sy= Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. =BL= On the debate on responsible government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. =Mc= Question of government printing, 103.

=Chrystler's Farm.= Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813.

The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men, and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to 2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. _See also_ War of 1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Chubb.= =F= Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag of truce, 331; killed, 332.

=Church.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on debate on responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine, 125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319-320. =B= Controversy with the _Banner_--opposes responsible government, 6.

=Church of England.= The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent, September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk.

In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was legally const.i.tuted; and after that year bishops were elected by the votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held, 1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established, 1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray.

=Index=: =B= And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49; privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; =E= Its claims to the Clergy Reserves under the Const.i.tutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 _et seq._ =R= Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in Canada, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =Dr= Allowed use of Recollet church at Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first Anglican conference and confirmation held in Recollet church at Quebec, 242, 272. =W= In New Brunswick, 7. =T= Controls King's College, 21.

=Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2; Cross, _The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies_; Anderson, _History of Church of England in the Colonies_; Akins, _Church of England in North American Colonies_; Taylor, _The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown_; Lowndes, _Bishops of the Day_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_; Champion, _The Anglican Church in Canada_; Wynne, _The Church in Greater Britain_.

=Churchill, Fort.= _See_ Prince of Wales, Fort.

=Churchill River.= Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56 10' N., long. 109 40' W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. The mouth of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in 1619, but it was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by Joseph Frobisher (_q.v._), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and Alexander Henry, _the Elder_ (_q.v._), in 1775. The Churchill was formerly known under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; English River, so called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name.

=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Citizen.= Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.

=Civil Law.= =Dr= Importance of the question to the French population, after 1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in defining, 11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray establishes courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of English and French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking inhabitants, 41; Maseres suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice Morgan sent out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the French civil code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, 51-54; report of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; Ordinance of 1770, 54; French-Canadians pet.i.tion for their own laws, 61; French law established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British Parliament, 65-68; confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada and How Canada is Governed_; Ashley, _Earlier Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_.

=Civil List.= =Sy= Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120; Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. =S= In Upper Canada, under Simcoe, 177.

=Civil Secretary.= =Sy= Of the governor, large range of duties undertaken by, in pre-union times, 331.

=Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of= (1800-1870). Amba.s.sador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal, 1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870.

=Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Clark, George Rogers= (1752-1818). American frontier leader. =Index=: =Hd= Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168.

=Bib.=: _Campaign in the Illinois_; English, _Conquest of the Country North-West of the Ohio_.

=Clark, Peter.= =S= Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.