=Chabot, J.= (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellecha.s.se, Lower Canada. Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the a.s.sembly for Quebec, 1843-1850; for Bellecha.s.se, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, 1854-1856. Became chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in 1852; government director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial Tenure commissioner the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1856. =Index=: =E= Commissioner of public works, 1853, 126; and again in coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Chalmers, Thomas.= =R= Offered, but declines, charge of educational policy in Upper Canada, 37.

=Chamberlain, Joseph= (1836- ). British statesman. =Mc= Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.

=Chambers, Captain.= =Bk= Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, 235; in command of 2d Brigade, 247.

=Chambly, Jacques de.= An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort St. Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique, where he died. =Index=: =F= Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902).

=Chambly.= Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built by Jacques de Chambly, 1665. =Index=: =F= Fort erected at, 51. =Dr= Captured by Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. =L= Fort erected at, 53.

=Hd= Weak defences of, 134.

=Champdore.= =Ch= Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.

=Champlain, Antoine.= =Ch= Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.

=Champlain, Samuel= (1567?-1635). =WM= His elevated sentiments, 20. =Ch= Birth and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in command of Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; captures English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of travels, 7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; accepts offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives at Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault St. Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for France, 14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to places, 19; describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; makes plan of Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; describes Pentagouet (Pen.o.bscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; describes settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for Quebec, 40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; conspiracy formed against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; explores vicinity of Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition against Iroquois, 47; conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian policy, 49-52; encounter with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for France, 54; has audience with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; returns to Canada, 59; arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack Iroquois, 61; wounded in encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; returns to Quebec, 63; hears of the a.s.sa.s.sination of Henry IV, and sails for France, 64; marries Helene Boulle, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; arrives at Quebec, 68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St.

Helen's Island after his wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview with De Monts, 71; motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; becomes lieutenant in Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 73; on death of Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Conde and returns to Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St.

Louis, 74; goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for France, 79; engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings to Canada three Recollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, pa.s.ses through Lake Nip.i.s.sing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88; proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons, 105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112; sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155; arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162; imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred a.s.sociates (Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171; criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease, 180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspe, 181; a.s.serts superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192, 193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and Charite, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes to London and sees French amba.s.sador, 207; shows him map of the country, 211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec (1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239; appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred a.s.sociates), 244; his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261; his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271; his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies p.r.o.nounced on, 276-279. =F= Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada (1615), 13; brings out Recollet missionaries, 13; heads another expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Chateau St.

Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in England, 21; urges rest.i.tution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), 24; death of, 26. =L= His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; his pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: Works: _[OE]uvres de Champlain_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (trans. by Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, _Voyages of Samuel de Champlain_; Bourne, _Champlain's Voyages_; Biggar, _Works of Samuel de Champlain_ (Champlain Society, _in prep._). For bib. of the original editions, _see_ Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_, etc. For biog., _see_ Gravier, _Vie de Samuel Champlain_; Sedgwick, _Samuel de Champlain_; Dix, _Champlain: the Founder of New France_; Verreau, _Samuel de Champlain_ (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Dent, _Can.

Por._

=Champlain Lake.= Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois.

The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a fort on ile La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in 1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are a.s.sociated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. =Index=: =F= Champlain reaches, in his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. =Hd= Canada to be attacked by way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding against invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on sh.o.r.es of, 250.

=WM= Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. =Dr= Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way of, 146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet on, 149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, 154-157. =Ch= Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53.

=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Crockett, _History of Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Reid, _Lake George and Lake Champlain_; Palmer, _History of Lake Champlain_. _See_ bib. note in Crockett.

=Chandler, Edward Barron= (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when called to Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844.

Engaged in negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; reciprocity, 1854; and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1878. =Index=: =W= Sent by New Brunswick a.s.sembly to lay grievances before colonial secretary, 24; becomes member of government, 72; resigns, 76. =T= Goes to London to secure support for Intercolonial, 26-27; 54; member of Executive Council, 1856, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation delegate to England, 120. =H= Joins Joseph Howe in mission to Toronto on behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, 137; secures support of New Brunswick government, 139; his speech at Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; accompanies Hincks to England on Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. =B= Complains at Quebec Conference, that proposed union legislative, not federal, 163. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Chandler, Samuel.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.

=Chansons of French Canada.= Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French Canada. =Index=: =C= _Chansons de ronde_ among the habitants, 119-120; at Cartier's house, 123. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Chansons populaire_; McLennan, _Songs of old Canada_; Burpee, _Songs of French Canada_; Wood, _Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs_ (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, _Songs of Forest and River_ in _Rose-Belford Monthly_, 1877; _French Songs of Old Canada_, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, _French Folk-Songs_.

=Chapais, Jean Charles= (1812-1885). Born in Riviere Ouelle, Quebec.

Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works, 1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and 1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. =Index=: =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas= (1858- ). Educated at Laval University.

Called to the bar, 1879. Edited _Le Courrier du Canada_ since 1884.

Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of colonization, 1897. =Index=: =F= His work on Talon referred to, 57.

=Bib.=: Works: _Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France_; _Discours et Conferences_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe= (1840-1898). Studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state.

Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. =Bib.=: Works: _Leon XIII, Homme d'etat_; _Question des Chemins de Fer_. For biog., _see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Chapman, Henry Samuel= (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada, 1823, and established at Montreal the _Daily Advertiser_, the first daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party.

Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand, where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. =Index=: =H= Attempts to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, 50; Howe's reply, 50.

=Charbonnel, Armand Francois Marie de.= Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto, 1850-1860. Died, 1860. =Index=: =R= Opposes public schools, 219, 225; Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in _Globe_, 226; his letter to Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts Separate School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of Toronto diocese, 235.

=Charest, Dufils.= =WM= Commands party sent to heights of Levis, 103.

=Charles I= (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625.

=Index=: =Ch= His instructions to English amba.s.sador at Paris, 215; restores New France and Acadia to France, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Charles II= (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1660. =Index=: =W= Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Charles Emmanuel III= (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the throne, 1730. =Index=: =Hd= His foreign policy, 5.

=Charlesbourg.= =WM= De Pontbriand retires to, 153.

=Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier de= (1682-1761). First came to Canada in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec.

Returned to France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the material for his _Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. Again visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French government to report as to the best route for an overland expedition in search of the Western Sea. In the course of this journey visited the mission and posts of what was then the extreme western frontier of New France, returning to France in 1723, by way of Mobile. =Index=: =L= On the character of the Canadian population, 117; on the character of Frontenac, 144, 145. =F= On bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine ma.s.sacre, 224, 227; on old age of Francois Hertel, 235; his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-336. =Ch= His opinion of Lescarbot, 37; his description of the French settlements in Canada, 243; his eulogy of Champlain, 276, 277. =Bib.=: Besides his _Histoire du Paraguay_ and _Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Dominique_, Charlevoix was the author of _La Vie de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_ and of the first general history of Canada, _Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. His _Voyage dans l'Amerique Septentrionale_ was translated into English in 1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's translation of the History was published at New York in 6 vols., 1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in 6 vols. An abridged translation of Charlevoix's _Journal_ is found in vol. 3 of French _Hist. Coll. of Louisiana_. For biog., _see_ J. E. Roy, _Essai sur Charlevoix_ (R. S. C., 1907).

=Charlottetown.= Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768.

=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.

=Charlottetown Conference=, 1864. =Md= Arranged by Tupper, 104; the Canadian proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. =H= Joseph Howe invited to attend as delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's connection with, 176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union found impracticable, 178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, 178. =B= History of, 161. =T= Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. _See_ Quebec Conference; Macdonald; Tupper. =Bib.=: Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.

=Charny-Lauzon.= _See_ Lauzon-Charny.

=Charron, Jean-Francois.= =L= Charitable work of, and of his brother, 125; house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.

=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Eustache Gaspard Michel.= =Dr= Advised in connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of the a.s.sembly, 277.

=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Rene Louis.= =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166. =F= Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.

=Charton, Francois.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.

=Chastes, Aymar de.= =Ch= Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada, 9; death of, 9. =F= Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.

=Chateau de Ramezay.= At Montreal. =Index=: =Hd= Purchased for government house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. =BL= Government offices in, during Elgin's governorship, 325.

=Chateau Haldimand.= At Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Foundation stone laid by Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until 1892, then pulled down, 344.

=Chateau St. Louis.= At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, 1647, and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, and rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and again enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French regime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Chateau Frontenac hotel now stands immediately back of the site of the Chateau St. Louis, which occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. _See_ Habitation de Quebec. =Index=: =F= Construction begun, 15. =Bk= Description of, 90; occupied by Sir James Craig, 90. =Hd= Governor's residence at Quebec, 169, 222, 304, 314; b.a.l.l.s at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his honour, 344. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Le Fort el la Chateau St. Louis_; Doughty, _Fortress of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Chateaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de.= =F= Interim governor after death of Champlain, 27.

=Chateauguay.= Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from which the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of the battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with Chateauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians; and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. _See also_ War of 1812; Salaberry. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Lighthall, _An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay_; Macdonell, _The Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.

=Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de= (1644-1728).

=Ch= French amba.s.sador in London, instructions to, 214.

=Chatel, Aimee.= =L= Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.

=Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of= (1708-1778). The "Great Commoner," who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory unknown to any former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy towards America, until it became apparent that the colonists would be satisfied with nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and unerring instinct in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the triumphs of British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst to the capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Opposes Quebec Act, 65. =Bib.=: Almon, _Anecdotes and Speeches of Chatham_; Rosebery, _William Pitt_; Green, _William Pitt, Earl of Chatham_; _Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors_, ed. by Kimball. _See_ his letters and instructions to Wolfe, Saunders, and Amherst, in Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_, and Wood, _Logs of Conquest of Canada_.