43. Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 6301, 633; Diderot, Correspondance Correspondance, 103, Grimm to Geoffrin, 10 Nov. 1773 NS.

44. Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 632.

45. Diderot, Memoires pour Catherine II Memoires pour Catherine II, ed. P. Verniere (Paris, 1966), 199, 178, 10, prints the revised text of the essays following discussion with C.

46. A. Strugnell, Diderot's Politics Diderot's Politics (The Hague, 1973), 256. (The Hague, 1973), 256.

47. Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 598.

48. Strugnell, Diderot's Politics Diderot's Politics, 1358; Diderot, Memoires Memoires, 117, 118; Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 635.

49. Diderot, Memoires Memoires, 117, 121, 122.

50. Diderot, Correspondance Correspondance, 1356, Diderot to Dashkova, 24 Dec. 1773 NS.

51. Quoted in Jones, Nikolay Novikov Nikolay Novikov, 65.

52. Quoted in Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 640.

53. Diderot, Memoires Memoires, 44.

54. S. Karp, 'Le questionnaire de Diderot adresse a Catherine II: quelques precisions', Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopedie Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopedie, 33 (2002), 47, 55.

55. See, in particular, G. Dulac, 'Diderot et le "mirage russe": quelques preliminaires a l'etude de son travail politique de Petersbourg', in Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siecle Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siecle, eds. Karp and Wolff, 14992, and G. Goggi, 'Diderot et la Russie: colonisation et civilisation. Projets et experience directe', in Diderot and European Culture Diderot and European Culture, eds. Ogee and Strugnell, 5776.

56. Diderot, Memoires Memoires, 35.

57. R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Dok.u.menty stavki E.I. Pugacheva Dok.u.menty stavki E.I. Pugacheva (M, 1975), 23. See 2432 for similar manifestos to different interest groups through Oct. 1773. (M, 1975), 23. See 2432 for similar manifestos to different interest groups through Oct. 1773.

58. Under interrogation in Moscow in Nov. 1774, Pugachev claimed to be in his thirty-third year: see R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed., Emel'ian Pugachev nad sledstvii Emel'ian Pugachev nad sledstvii (M, 1997), 127. (M, 1997), 127.

59. M. Raeff, 'Pugachev's Rebellion', in Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe, eds. R. Forster and J. P. Greene (Baltimore, MD, 1970), 161202; Madariaga, 233, 243.

60. Madariaga, 23955; J. P. LeDonne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 16501831 The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 16501831 (Oxford, 2004), 115; J. T. Alexander, (Oxford, 2004), 115; J. T. Alexander, Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and the Pugachev Revolt, 17731775 Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and the Pugachev Revolt, 17731775 (Bloomington, IN, 1969), 76. (Bloomington, IN, 1969), 76.

61. Lopatin, 7, 4 Dec. 1773.

62. SIRIO SIRIO, xiii: C. to Mme. Bielke, 16 Jan. 1774.

63. KfZh KfZh (1774), 1819, 22, 25, 28. (1774), 1819, 22, 25, 28.

64. Alexander, Autocratic Politics Autocratic Politics, 1123.

65. KfZh KfZh (1774), 437; Gunning to Suffolk, 24 Jan. 1774, quoted in Wilson, 'Diderot in Russia', 190. (1774), 437; Gunning to Suffolk, 24 Jan. 1774, quoted in Wilson, 'Diderot in Russia', 190.

66. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 399400, Gunning to Suffolk, 11 Feb. 1774; 401, 14 Feb. See also lxxii: 4902, Solms to Frederick, 7 Feb.

67. KfZh KfZh (1774), 15, 26. (1774), 15, 26.

68. KfZh KfZh (1774), 5960. On Knowles, see Cross, 1925 and (1774), 5960. On Knowles, see Cross, 1925 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

69. KfZh KfZh (1774), 823; Lopatin, 10, 21 Feb. 1774. (1774), 823; Lopatin, 10, 21 Feb. 1774.

70. Lopatin, 12, 28 Feb. 1774.

71. Lopatin, 10, 26 Feb. 1774; 12, 28 Feb.

72. Lopatin, 1314, 1 Mar. 1774. Aleksey Orlov first appeared at Court on 27 Feb.: KfZh KfZh (1773), 97. (1773), 97.

73. KfZh KfZh (1774), 103, 11012. (1774), 103, 11012.

74. Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Mar. 1774, quoted in Montefiore, 110.

75. Montefiore, 83, 85.

76. Lopatin, 14, after 1 Mar. 1775.

77. Lopatin, 22, 10 Apr. 1774.

78. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 409, Gunning to Suffolk, 8 Apr. 1774; Madariaga 248; KfZh KfZh (1774), 147. (1774), 147.

79. Grimm, 1, 25 Apr. 1774.

80. KfZh KfZh (1774), 1728. (1774), 1728.

81. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 416, Gunning to Suffolk, 13 June 1774; Alexander, Autocratic Politics Autocratic Politics, 132; Madariaga, 263.

82. KfZh KfZh (1774), 2816; Lopatin, 5135; Madariaga, 344. (1774), 2816; Lopatin, 5135; Madariaga, 344.

83. Lopatin, 34, 22 July 1774.

84. Grimm, 137, 7 May 1779.

85. Letters of Mozart Letters of Mozart, ed. Anderson, 486, 19 Feb. 1778 NS.

86. J. Rosselli, Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession (Cambridge, 1992), 66 and (Cambridge, 1992), 66 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

87. Harris Papers, 879, Elizabeth Harris to James Harris, jr., 16 Feb. 1776 NS.

88. KfZh KfZh (1774), 3245; Wraxall, (1774), 3245; Wraxall, A Tour A Tour, 201, 204; Livanova, ii: 412.

89. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 39, C. to Elagin, 19 May 1775.

90. C. rode in an open carriage from the Summer Palace while an officer bearing laurel wreaths led a troop of 100 Horse Guards to accompany the Senate official who made five public proclamations of the peace: in front of the Summer Palace; at the Haymarket; in front of the Senate; in front of the Twelve Colleges on Vasilevsky Island; and on the Petersburg side of the city: KfZh KfZh (1774), 42939. (1774), 42939.

91. Madariaga, 254.

92. KfZh KfZh (1774), 4745. (1774), 4745.

93. KfZh KfZh (1774), 507, 3 Sept. (1774), 507, 3 Sept.

94. Madariaga, 249, 266.

95. Best. D19188, C. to Voltaire, 2 Nov. 1774.

96. Madariaga, 2678.

97. PSZ PSZ, xx: 14,235, 15 Jan. 1775.

98. Quoted in Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field Taming the Wild Field, 58.

99. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 23, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Jan. 1775.

100. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 4489, Gunning to Suffolk, 26 Jan. 1775.

101. Corberon, i: 801.

102. Grimm, 15, 30 Jan. 1775.

103. Only later was the host rehabilitated, under a different name, the Black Sea Host: see Madariaga, 35960; Ransel, Politics Politics, 2501.

104. Madariaga, 553.

105. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 36, C. to Mme Bielke, 12 Apr. 1775.

106. McGrew, 86.

107. Lopatin, 71, C. to Potemkin, after 21 Apr. 1775.

108. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 48, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 July 1775.

109. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect The Empress and the Architect, 1923.

110. Best. D19712, Voltaire to C., 18 Oct. 1775 NS.

111. R. E. Jones, The Emanc.i.p.ation of the Russian n.o.bility, 17621785 The Emanc.i.p.ation of the Russian n.o.bility, 17621785 (Princeton, NJ, 1973), 21020 (216). (Princeton, NJ, 1973), 21020 (216).

112. M. Lopato, 'English Silver in St Petersburg', in British Art Treasures British Art Treasures, 131.

113. Grimm, 42, 20 Jan. 1776.

Chapter 10.

1. A. Raskin, Gorod Lomonosova: Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli XVIII veka Gorod Lomonosova: Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1983), 1123. (Leningrad, 1983), 1123.

2. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 133, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Oct. 1770.

3. Quoted in A. G. Cross, 'By the Banks of the Thames': Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain 'By the Banks of the Thames': Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 241. (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 241.

4. Lopatin, 923, undated, Feb.Mar. 1776.

5. SIRIO SIRIO, xix: 513, R. Oakes to W. Eden, 8 Mar. 1776.

6. Lopatin, 103, undated, MayJune 1776.

7. Lopatin, 106, 22 June 1776; 105, undated, 721 June; D. Smith, ed., Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin (DeKalb, IL, 2004), 6972. (DeKalb, IL, 2004), 6972.

8. Lopatin, 91, undated, Feb.Mar. 1776.

9. Corberon, ii: 37, 68; 27 Oct. and 8 Dec. 1776 NS.

10. C.'s undated love letters to Zavadovskii are translated in Alexander, 34253 (here pp. 3445).

11. Lopatin, 115, before 14 May 1777.

12. Zavadovskii, 263, 14 Aug. 1781. On the estate in Poltava province, presented to him on 10 July 1775 in celebration of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardzhi, see N. Makarenko, 'Lialichi', Starye G.o.dy Starye G.o.dy, JulySept. 1910, 13151.

13. Alexander, 20614 (212).

14. Lopatin, 115, before 10 June 1777; I. I. Leshchilovskaia, 's.e.m.e.n Zorich', in Vek Ekateriny II: Rossiia i Balkany Vek Ekateriny II: Rossiia i Balkany (M, 1998), 12938; M. I. Meshcherskii, 's.e.m.e.n Gavrilovich Zorich', (M, 1998), 12938; M. I. Meshcherskii, 's.e.m.e.n Gavrilovich Zorich', RA RA, 1879, no. 5, 3765.

15. Montefiore, 17984.

16. Harris Diaries, i: 1989, Harris to Fraser, 16/27 May 1778.

17. Ibid. On headaches, see Grimm, 79, 14 Feb. 1778; 87, 16 May.

18. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.

19. McGrew, 913; SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 81, C. to Mme Bielke, 28 Apr. 1776; Corberon, i: 22430, 256 Apr. NS.

20. Dimsdale, 46, informed by W. Tooke.

21. Corberon, i: 248, 7 May 1776 NS.

22. Best. D20207, C. to Voltaire, 25 June 1776.

23. McGrew, 938; Zavadovskii, 2423, Apr. 1776.

24. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 1156, in C.'s own hand.

25. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvii: 1178, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Sept. 1776.