"some of the people whom we as National Socialists easily could have done without": Westdeutscher Beobachter, Westdeutscher Beobachter, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

the "gay" armlets of the storm troopers: Daily Mail Daily Mail (London), March 11,1935. (London), March 11,1935.

"Any barked order": Daily Express Daily Express (London), March 19,1935. (London), March 19,1935.

"Nearest the ring are gaunt-faced": Ibid., March 11,1935. 51 "What happens now is not a mere welcome": Ibid.

Schmeling "like a tiger," "merciless," "controlled," "imperturbably calm": Arno Hellmis broadcast for German Radio Corporation, Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv, DRA 2743222 "into a hurricane": Angriff, Angriff, June 15,1938. June 15,1938.

"silence that could almost be felt": Trevor C. Wignall, Ringside Ringside (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1941), p. 53. (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1941), p. 53.

"the most beautiful tenor voice"; "Hitler's favorite": Ibid.

"in all crudeness": LAuto, LAuto, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

"German men with their eyes tight": Daily Express ( Daily Express (London), March 18,1935.

"They knew that Hamas, for all his poor showing": New York Times, New York Times, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

"locals with sausages covered": LAuto, LAuto, March 12,1935. March 12,1935.

"Germany has outstripped the seemingly undefeatable America": Box-Sport, Box-Sport, March 11, 1935. March 11, 1935.

"That's a real fine thing for a politician to do": New York Mirror, New York Mirror, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

"The superiority of the exworld champion": Angriff, Angriff, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

"Now we get Baer": Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, March 11,1935. March 11,1935.

"Among the amusing sidelights of Germany today": Daily Express Daily Express (London), March 16, 1935. (London), March 16, 1935.

"altars to manliness": Angriff, Angriff, March 11, 1935. March 11, 1935.

"When Schmeling Won ... And Yussel 'Heiled'": New York Daily News, New York Daily News, March 21, 1935. March 21, 1935.

"just to carry out the Nazi motif": New York World-Telegram, New York World-Telegram, March 22,1935. March 22,1935.

"In the Broadway delicatessens and nighteries": New York Daily News, New York Daily News, March 22,1935. March 22,1935.

"In the sports world, it is being considered a big joke": Morgn-zhurnal, Morgn-zhurnal, March 22,1935. March 22,1935.

"What the 'ell would you do?": New York Post, New York Post, March 22,1935. March 22,1935.

"When in Rome, eat pasta fazoole": New York Mirror, New York Mirror, March 22,1935. March 22,1935.

"500 percent Jewish": Forverts, Forverts, April 27,1940. April 27,1940.

"What did these birds expect Yussel to do": New York Daily News, New York Daily News, March 28,1935. March 28,1935.

"well and courteously treated": Ibid., February 12,1935.

"punch his way right off the printed page": New York Sun, New York Sun, April 14,1937. April 14,1937.

"A hard-hitting 'Nordic' meets Max Baer": New York American, New York American, March 12,1935. March 12,1935.

"As always occurs when religion is used": New York Daily News, New York Daily News, March 28,1935. March 28,1935.

"Schmeling Gives Yussel the Ozone": New York Mirror, New York Mirror, March 28,1935. March 28,1935.

"Managers are only the means to the end": Ibid., April 10,1935.

"I really need Joe Jacobs": Schmeling, Erinnerungen, Erinnerungen, p. 298. p. 298.

"the Swastika vs. the Star of David": Frankische Tageszeitung, Frankische Tageszeitung, March 28,1935. March 28,1935.

"Who iss iss Chim Braddock?": Chim Braddock?": New York Journal-American, New York Journal-American, July 2, 1938; July 2, 1938; Washington Post, Washington Post, December 8,1935. December 8,1935.

"The Negro mixed-breed [Negermischling] [Negermischling] from Alabama": from Alabama": Box-Sport, Box-Sport, June 24, 1935; June 24, 1935; "Halbneger": 12 Uhr-Blatt, "Halbneger": 12 Uhr-Blatt, July 24,1935; "Joe Clay Face": July 24,1935; "Joe Clay Face": Box-Sport, Box-Sport, April 22,1935. April 22,1935.

"Within a short period of time": Box-Sport, Box-Sport, February 4,1935. February 4,1935.

Chapter Three: A Star Rises in the Midwest.

"This boy should be able to do something": Edward Van Every, Joe Louis, Man and Super-Fighter Joe Louis, Man and Super-Fighter (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1936), p. 48. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1936), p. 48.

"All my life my hands felt important to me": "In This Corner ... Joe Louis," produced and written by Mel Baily, directed by Arthur Forrest. WNEW-TV, July 21,1963, in Museum of Television and Radio, New York.

"the white boys make it too tough": Los Angeles Examiner, February 14,1935. February 14,1935.

"Lewis": Detroit Free Press, Detroit Free Press, February 23,1933. February 23,1933.

"clever Negro lawyer": New York Sun, New York Sun, June 27,1935. June 27,1935.

"Neither Roxborough nor Black": Life, Life, June 17,1940. June 17,1940.

"I figured this way": New York Times, New York Times, November 8,1948. November 8,1948.

"the Detroit colored lad with the frozen face": Chicago Daily News, Chicago Daily News, March 10,1933. March 10,1933.

"The coloreds are on average better": Box-Sport, Box-Sport, October 28,1935. October 28,1935.

"A colored fighter": Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening Journal, Lincoln (Nebraska) Evening Journal, August 18,1937. August 18,1937.

"When the colored brother is capable in sports": Gallico, Farewell to Sports Farewell to Sports (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1938), p. 299. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1938), p. 299.

"is generally a magnificent physical specimen": Ibid., p. 306.

"The Negro is regarded as pure cattle": Ibid., p. 306.

"The reason they fight so well": Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, February 1,1935. February 1,1935.

"Negro fighters are used merely": Norfolk Journal and Guide, Norfolk Journal and Guide, June 9,1934. June 9,1934.

"We've got to wait until somebody can produce a half-clown and half-gorilla": Chicago Defender, Chicago Defender, June 30,1934. June 30,1934.

"Take him away": Life, Life, June 17,1940. June 17,1940.

"You were born with two strikes on you": Liberty, Liberty, November 23,1935. November 23,1935.

"just a funny-looking boy": New York Sun, New York Sun, June 19,1937. June 19,1937.

"very good outside the ring"; "You've got to be a killer, otherwise I'm getting too old"; "I ain't goner waste any of your time": Ring, Ring, September 1937. September 1937.

"Let your fists be your referee": New York Sun, New York Sun, June 11, 1936. June 11, 1936.

"too easygoing-too nice a fella"; "didn't have any blood in his eye": United Press International, June 18,1936.

"You can't show no pity in this game"; "When you get a man in distress": Chicago American, Chicago American, July 5,1938. July 5,1938.

"You just gotta throw away your heart"; "Joe Louis ain't no natural killer": Ronald K. Fried, Corner Men: The Great Boxing Trainers Corner Men: The Great Boxing Trainers (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1991), p. 12123. (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1991), p. 12123.

"fool nigger dolls": Joe Louis, with Edna and Art Rust, Jr. Joe Louis: My Life Joe Louis: My Life (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), p. 39. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), p. 39.

"If he isn't the hardest punching heavyweight": New York World-Telegram, New York World-Telegram, June 10, 1937. June 10, 1937.

"hung like a sack of wheat": Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, December 1,1934. December 1,1934.

"The Ring welcomes Louis": welcomes Louis": Ring, Ring, February 1935. February 1935.

"If Louis stops the clever Californian": Chicago American, Chicago American, December 12,1934. December 12,1934.

"already has most of the contenders for the championship": Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, December 14,1934. December 14,1934.

"the jaw-crashing, sleep-producing blow": Ibid., December 15,1934.

"wrap it up" or "go to town": Interview, Eddie Couzins.

"Who's going to stop this new 'black peril'": Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, December 15,1934. December 15,1934.

"seeping out of the 'black belt'": Collyer's Eye, Collyer's Eye, July 27,1935. July 27,1935.

"It wasn't arranged in the European sense": Interview, Truman Gibson.

"a little girl back in Detroit": Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune, June 23,1935. June 23,1935.

"A pretty good-looking young heavy": Van Every, Joe Louis, Joe Louis, pp. 1112. 69 "Colored people usually reason": pp. 1112. 69 "Colored people usually reason": Philadelphia Tribune, Philadelphia Tribune, June 27,1935. June 27,1935.

"I noticed he couldn't flick that arm with the same alacrity": Philadelphia Tribune, Philadelphia Tribune, August 29,1935. August 29,1935.

HEAVYWEIGHTS DUCKING JOE LOUIS: New York Post, New York Post, December 4,1934. December 4,1934.

"a voodoo to hoodoo": Philadelphia Tribune, Philadelphia Tribune, December 27,1934. December 27,1934.

"he will find the color line facing": Chicago Defender, Chicago Defender, January 26,1935. January 26,1935.

"Hard rights and lefts, coupled with real economic need": Pittsburgh Courier, Pittsburgh Courier, January 5, 1935. January 5, 1935.

"The ease with which such an abstract idea": Philadelphia Tribune, Philadelphia Tribune, January 24,1935. January 24,1935.

"Jack Johnson put the kibosh": Boxing, Boxing, March 20,1935. March 20,1935.

"When the color line is used as a subterfuge": Ring, Ring, May 1935. May 1935.

"He's a bomber": Barney Nagler, Brown Bomber: The Pilgrimage of Joe Louis Brown Bomber: The Pilgrimage of Joe Louis (New York: World Pub., 1972), p. 42. (New York: World Pub., 1972), p. 42.

"One of these days several thousand": Los Angeles Examiner, Los Angeles Examiner, February 22,1935. February 22,1935.

"California women from domestic service": Baltimore Afro-American, Baltimore Afro-American, March 9, 1935. March 9, 1935.

"It should please the fearful modern Vardamans and Tillmans": Chicago Defender, Chicago Defender, July 6,1935. July 6,1935.

"The Colored Comet": Norfolk Journal and Guide, Norfolk Journal and Guide, May 18,1935. May 18,1935.

"Well, you understand he's a nigger": Nagler, Brown Bomber, Brown Bomber, p. 42. p. 42.

"He's ready for New York, but New York ain't ready for him": Louis, Joe Louis, Joe Louis, p. 47. p. 47.

"Overnight, Jacobs will become the most powerful": Ring, Ring, May 1935. May 1935.

"the pugilist-infested stretch": Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, May 28,1936. May 28,1936.

"It seems that their duties": Bang, Bang, October 3,1936. October 3,1936.

"New York is eager to see him go": Detroit Times, Detroit Times, March 29,1935. March 29,1935.

"I don't want him to have anything on his mind": Detroit Times, Detroit Times, March 29,1935. March 29,1935.

"The greatest young heavyweight": New York American.:, New York American.:, March 31,1935. March 31,1935.

"Every time he sweeps an opponent": Washington Post, Washington Post, March 31,1935. March 31,1935.

"we don't want any great big house": Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, August 23,1935. August 23,1935.