99 . Bernd Stegemann, 'The Italo-German Conduct of War in the Mediterranean and North Africa', in . Bernd Stegemann, 'The Italo-German Conduct of War in the Mediterranean and North Africa', in GSWW GSWW III. 643-754, at 673-80. III. 643-754, at 673-80.

100 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, II. 377 (23 April 1941), III. 48 (6 July 1941).

101 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 748-9, 992-4; Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 211-15, 222-5, 361-3; Stegemann, 'The Italo-German Conduct of War', 680-754; Reinhard Stumpf, 'The War in the Mediterranean Area 1942-1943: Operations in North Africa and the Central Mediterranean', in GSWW GSWW VI. 631-840, at 631-54 and 661-748. VI. 631-840, at 631-54 and 661-748.

102 . Martin Gilbert, . Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy (London, 1987 [1986]), 578; idem, (London, 1987 [1986]), 578; idem, The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust (London, 2002 [1982]), Maps 59, 188; Robert Satloff, (London, 2002 [1982]), Maps 59, 188; Robert Satloff, Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands (New York, 2006). (New York, 2006).

103 . Andreas Hillgruber (ed.), . Andreas Hillgruber (ed.), Staatsm*nner und Diplomaten bei Hitler: Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen *ber Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes Staatsm*nner und Diplomaten bei Hitler: Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen *ber Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes (2 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1967-70), I. 664-6. (2 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1967-70), I. 664-6.

104 . Jeffrey Herf, . Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (London, 2006), 76. (London, 2006), 76.

105 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 381-2.

106 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 744-5; Schreiber, 'Germany', 305-448, Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 195-6; J*rgen F*rster, 'Germany's Acquisition of Allies in South-east Europe', in GSWW GSWW IV. 386-428, at 386; Friedl*nder, IV. 386-428, at 386; Friedl*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 166-9; Randolph L. Braham (ed.), The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry The Tragedy of Romanian Jewry (New York, 1994); Mihail Sebastian, (New York, 1994); Mihail Sebastian, 'Voller Entsetzen, aber nicht verzweifelt': Tageb*cher 1935-44 'Voller Entsetzen, aber nicht verzweifelt': Tageb*cher 1935-44 (ed. Edward Kanterian, Berlin, 2005). For Romanian fascism and antisemitism, see Leon Volovici, (ed. Edward Kanterian, Berlin, 2005). For Romanian fascism and antisemitism, see Leon Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s (Oxford, 1991) (esp. Stephen Fischer-Galati, 'The Legacy of AntiSemitism', 1-28); Stanley G. Payne, (Oxford, 1991) (esp. Stephen Fischer-Galati, 'The Legacy of AntiSemitism', 1-28); Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-45 A History of Fascism 1914-45 (London, 1995), 134-8, 391-7; solid narrative of events in Keith Hitchins, (London, 1995), 134-8, 391-7; solid narrative of events in Keith Hitchins, Rumania 1866-1947 Rumania 1866-1947 (Oxford, 1994), 376-471 (esp. 451-71). By far the best account of Antonescu is now Dennis Deletant, (Oxford, 1994), 376-471 (esp. 451-71). By far the best account of Antonescu is now Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940-44 Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940-44 (London, 2006): for a detailed narrative of the events recounted above, see ibid., 8-68. The slaughterhouse incident is recounted in Robert St John, (London, 2006): for a detailed narrative of the events recounted above, see ibid., 8-68. The slaughterhouse incident is recounted in Robert St John, Foreign Correspondent Foreign Correspondent (London, 1960), 180. (London, 1960), 180.

107 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 1,011-2.

108 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 360-63; Vogel, 'German Intervention', 451-85.

109 . Ibid., 497-526; Mark Mazower, . Ibid., 497-526; Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation 1941-44 1941-44 (London, 1993), 1-8, 15-18; Peter Calvocoressi and Guy Wint, (London, 1993), 1-8, 15-18; Peter Calvocoressi and Guy Wint, Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War (Harmondsworth, 1974 [1972]), 154-60 (a little outdated, but still valuable); Weinberg, (Harmondsworth, 1974 [1972]), 154-60 (a little outdated, but still valuable); Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 218-22.

110 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 213-15; Vogel, 'German Intervention', 527-55.

111 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 213-15.

112 . P*ppel, . P*ppel, Heaven and Hell Heaven and Hell, 67.

113 . Quoted in Mazower, . Quoted in Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece Inside Hitler's Greece, 23-4.

114 . Ibid., 23-32; Rainer Eckert, . Ibid., 23-32; Rainer Eckert, Vom 'Fall Marita' zur 'Wirtschaftlichen Sonderaktion': Die deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Griechenland vom 6. April 1941 bis zur Kriegswende im Februar/M*rz 1943 Vom 'Fall Marita' zur 'Wirtschaftlichen Sonderaktion': Die deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Griechenland vom 6. April 1941 bis zur Kriegswende im Februar/M*rz 1943 (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 85-142. (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 85-142.

115 . Mazower, . Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece Inside Hitler's Greece, 32-52.

116 . Ibid., 85-96, 235-8; idem, . Ibid., 85-96, 235-8; idem, Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (London, 2004), 421-2. (London, 2004), 421-2.

117 . Payne, . Payne, A History of Fascism A History of Fascism, 404-11; Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat, Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941-1945 Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941-1945(Stuttgart, 1965 [1964]), 13-38; Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration (Stanford, Calif., 2001), 47-174; Gert Fricke, (Stanford, Calif., 2001), 47-174; Gert Fricke, Kroatien 1941-1944: Der 'Unabh*ngige Staat' in der Sicht des Deutschen Bevollm*chtigten Generals in Agram, Blaise v Hortenau Kroatien 1941-1944: Der 'Unabh*ngige Staat' in der Sicht des Deutschen Bevollm*chtigten Generals in Agram, Blaise v Hortenau (Freiburg, 1972), 10, 25-67. (Freiburg, 1972), 10, 25-67.

118 . Hory and Broszat, . Hory and Broszat, Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 39-57.

119 . Misha Glenny, . Misha Glenny, The Balkans 1804-1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers The Balkans 1804-1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers (London, 1999), 498-502: Hory and Broszat, (London, 1999), 498-502: Hory and Broszat, Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 75-106; Payne, A History of Fascism A History of Fascism, 408-10; Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 228 - 30; gruesome details and photographs in Edmond Paris, Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941 - 1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecution and Massacres Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941 - 1945: A Record of Racial and Religious Persecution and Massacres (Chicago, 1961), esp. 88 - 126 and 162 - 205. (Chicago, 1961), esp. 88 - 126 and 162 - 205.

120 . Quoted in ibid., 109 - 10; see also ibid., 127 - 61 for the concentration camps. . Quoted in ibid., 109 - 10; see also ibid., 127 - 61 for the concentration camps.

121 . Milan Ristovic', 'Yugoslav Jews Fleeing the Holocaust, 1941-1945', in John K. Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell (eds.), . Milan Ristovic', 'Yugoslav Jews Fleeing the Holocaust, 1941-1945', in John K. Roth and Elisabeth Maxwell (eds.), Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide (London, 3 vols., 2001), I. 512-26; Glenny, (London, 3 vols., 2001), I. 512-26; Glenny, The Balkans The Balkans, 300-302; Payne, A History of Fascism A History of Fascism, 409-10; Hory and Broszat, Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 75-92; Tomasevich, War and Revolution War and Revolution, 380-415 for the Ustashe reign of terror, and 511-79 for the role of the Catholic Church. A careful analysis of numbers killed in the genocidal campaigns of the Ustashe can be found in Marko Hoare, Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941 - 1943 Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941 - 1943 (London, 2006), 19 - 28. (London, 2006), 19 - 28.

122 . Evans, . Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich The Coming of the Third Reich, 316.

123 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 305.

124 . Hitler, . Hitler, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, II. 214 (5 December 1940); Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 307 - 8; Bernd Stegemann, 'Hitlers Kriegszeiele im ersten Kriegsjahr 1939/40: Ein Beitrag zur Quellenkritik', Milita*rgeschichtliche Mitteilungen Milita*rgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 27 (1980), 93 - 105. For Stalinist antisemitism, see Herf, The Jewish Enemy The Jewish Enemy, 93. For a detailed account of the decision to invade, see Ju*rgen Fo*rster, 'Hitler's Decision in Favour of War against the Soviet Union', in GSWW GSWW IV. 13 - 51. For policy discussions and options in the summer of 1940, see Andreas Hillgruber, IV. 13 - 51. For policy discussions and options in the summer of 1940, see Andreas Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie: Politik und Kriegfu*hrung 1940-41 Hitlers Strategie: Politik und Kriegfu*hrung 1940-41 (Frankfurt am Main, 1965), 144-277. (Frankfurt am Main, 1965), 144-277.

125 . Roberts, . Roberts, Stalin's Wars Stalin's Wars, 30 - 46.

126 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 421-5.

127 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, II. 49 (31 July 1940).

128 . Bock, . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 173 (1 February 1941); repeated on 14 June 1941 (ibid., 193).

129 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 331 - 7; Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 198 - 205.

130 . David M. Glantz, . David M. Glantz, Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 (Stroud, 2001), 13 - 18. (Stroud, 2001), 13 - 18.

131 . Evan Mawdsley, . Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941-1945 Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941-1945 (London, 2005), 19 - 20; Tooze, (London, 2005), 19 - 20; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 429 - 36.

132 . Anthony F. Upton, . Anthony F. Upton, Finland 1939-40 Finland 1939-40 (London, 1974); David Kirby, (London, 1974); David Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century Finland in the Twentieth Century (London, 1979). (London, 1979).

133 . Fo*rster, 'Germany's Acquisition', 398 - 408; see also Mark Axworthy . Fo*rster, 'Germany's Acquisition', 398 - 408; see also Mark Axworthy et al et al., Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941 - 1945 Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941 - 1945 (London, 1995); and Hillgruber, (London, 1995); and Hillgruber, Hitler, Ko*nig Carol und Marschall Antonescu Hitler, Ko*nig Carol und Marschall Antonescu, 126-34; more generally, idem, Hitlers Strategie Hitlers Strategie, 484 - 501.

134 . Dear (ed.), . Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II The Oxford Companion to World War II, 431-3; Fo*rster, 'Germany's Acquisition', 409 - 24.

135 . Ibid., 421 - 8; Weinberg, . Ibid., 421 - 8; Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 274 - 8.

136 . Quoted in Marshall Lee Miller, . Quoted in Marshall Lee Miller, Bulgaria during the Second World War Bulgaria during the Second World War (Stanford, Calif., 1975), 1. (Stanford, Calif., 1975), 1.

137 . Hans-Ju*rgen Hoppe, . Hans-Ju*rgen Hoppe, Bulgarien - Hitlers eigenwilliger Verbu*ndeter Bulgarien - Hitlers eigenwilliger Verbu*ndeter (Stuttgart, 1979); Miller, (Stuttgart, 1979); Miller, Bulgaria Bulgaria, 93 - 106; Richard Crampton, Bulgaria Bulgaria (Oxford, 2007), 248 - 65. (Oxford, 2007), 248 - 65.

138 . Quoted in Miller, . Quoted in Miller, Bulgaria Bulgaria, 76.

139 . Klukowski, . Klukowski, Diary Diary, 158 (14 June 1941).

140 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 321; Heinrich Schwendemann, Die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Sowjetunion von 1939 bis 1941: Alternative zu Hitlers Ostprogramm? Die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und der Sowjetunion von 1939 bis 1941: Alternative zu Hitlers Ostprogramm? (Berlin, 1993), 373. (Berlin, 1993), 373.

141 . Weinberg, . Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 201 - 5; Roberts, Stalin's Wars Stalin's Wars, 61 - 70.

142 . Quoted in Robert Service, . Quoted in Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography Stalin: A Biography (London, 2004), 407. (London, 2004), 407.

143 . Ibid., 406-9; Gabriel Gorodetsky, . Ibid., 406-9; Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia (London, 1999); Roberts, (London, 1999); Roberts, Stalin's Wars Stalin's Wars, 70 - 81; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East Thunder in the East, 32 - 41.

144 . Glantz, . Glantz, Barbarossa Barbarossa, 28-32; for Soviet intelligence, see David M. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of War Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 233 - 57. (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 233 - 57.

145 . Simon Sebag-Montefiore, . Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London, 2003), 317. (London, 2003), 317.

146 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 369 - 73, 378.

147 . Quoted in Rainer F. Schmidt, 'Der Hess-Flug und das Kabinett Churchill: Hitlers Stellvertreten im Kalku*l der britischen Kriegsdiplomatie Mai - Juni 1941', . Quoted in Rainer F. Schmidt, 'Der Hess-Flug und das Kabinett Churchill: Hitlers Stellvertreten im Kalku*l der britischen Kriegsdiplomatie Mai - Juni 1941', VfZ VfZ 42 (1994), 1 - 38, at 14 - 16. 42 (1994), 1 - 38, at 14 - 16.

148 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 369 - 81, effectively disposes of the numerous and often extremely bizarre conspiracy theories that were spun around Hess's flight at the time and later. Neither the claim that Hitler would have sanctioned, let alone ordered, such a hare-brained escapade, nor the idea that either Hess or Hitler was encouraged to mount such a mission by an influential 'peace party' in the British government and secret service - to take two of the less fanciful theories - has any basis in reality.

149 . Gerhard Engel, . Gerhard Engel, Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938 - 1943 Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938 - 1943 (ed. Hildegard von Kotze, Stuttgart, 1974), 103 - 4. (ed. Hildegard von Kotze, Stuttgart, 1974), 103 - 4.

150 . Fro*hlich (ed.), . Fro*hlich (ed.), Die Tagebu*cher Die Tagebu*cher, I/IX. 309 (13 May 1941).

151 . Quoted in Kershaw, . Quoted in Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 939 n. 210.

152 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, VII. 2,302 and 2,313 (15 and 19 May 1941).

153 . Martin Broszat . Martin Broszat et al et al. (eds.), Bayern in der NS-Zeit Bayern in der NS-Zeit (6 vols., Munich, 1977 - 83), I. 148 ('Aus Monatsbericht des Landrats, 31. 5. 1941'). (6 vols., Munich, 1977 - 83), I. 148 ('Aus Monatsbericht des Landrats, 31. 5. 1941').

154 . Bock, . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 185 (10 - 12 May 1941).

155 . Klemperer, . Klemperer, I Shall Bear Witness I Shall Bear Witness, 368 (21 May 1941).

156 . Walb, . Walb, Ich, die Alte Ich, die Alte, 219 (15 May 1941).

157 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 166 - 7.

158 . Quoted in Marie Vassiltchikov, . Quoted in Marie Vassiltchikov, The Berlin Diaries of Marie 'Missie' Vassiltchikov 1940-1945 The Berlin Diaries of Marie 'Missie' Vassiltchikov 1940-1945 (London, 1987 [1985]), 51-2; Hassell, (London, 1987 [1985]), 51-2; Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries The von Hassell Diaries, 196, 204, and Gerhardt B. Thamm, Boy Soldier: A German Teenager at the Nazi Twilight Boy Soldier: A German Teenager at the Nazi Twilight (Jefferson, N.C., 2000), 34. (Jefferson, N.C., 2000), 34.

159 . Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, 'The Mind of Adolf Hitler', in Adolf Hitler, . Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, 'The Mind of Adolf Hitler', in Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk 1941 - 1944 Hitler's Table Talk 1941 - 1944 (Oxford, 1988 [1953]), vii - xxxv, at xii - xiii. (Oxford, 1988 [1953]), vii - xxxv, at xii - xiii. 160 160. Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk Hitler's Table Talk, 51 (10 October 1941).

161 . Ibid., 38 (23 September 1941). . Ibid., 38 (23 September 1941).

162 . Ibid., 16 (27 July 1941). . Ibid., 16 (27 July 1941).

163 . Ibid., 24 (8/9 and 9/10 August 1941). For Hitler and Himmler's concept of the Ukraine as an imperial fiefdom, equivalent to British India, see Wendy Lower, . Ibid., 24 (8/9 and 9/10 August 1941). For Hitler and Himmler's concept of the Ukraine as an imperial fiefdom, equivalent to British India, see Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005), 98 - 128. (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2005), 98 - 128.

164 . Hitler, . Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk Hitler's Table Talk, 68 - 9 (17 October 1941).

165 . Ibid., 61 (2 and November 1941). . Ibid., 61 (2 and November 1941).

166 . Ibid., 447 (27 April 1942). . Ibid., 447 (27 April 1942).

167 . Ibid., 578 (18 July 1942). . Ibid., 578 (18 July 1942).

168 . Ibid., 77 (17/18 October 1941). . Ibid., 77 (17/18 October 1941).

169 . Ibid., 69 (17 October 1941 and 22 July 1942). . Ibid., 69 (17 October 1941 and 22 July 1942).

170 . Ibid., 62 (9 August 1942). . Ibid., 62 (9 August 1942).

171 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 298; quote in Madajczyk, Die Okkupationspolitik Die Okkupationspolitik, 92.

172 . Alex J. Kay, 'Germany's Staatssekreta*re, Mass Starvation and the Meeting of 2 May 1941', . Alex J. Kay, 'Germany's Staatssekreta*re, Mass Starvation and the Meeting of 2 May 1941', Journal of Contemporary History Journal of Contemporary History, 41 (2006), 685-700; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 475 - 80.

173 . Madajczyk . Madajczyk et al et al. (eds.), Vom Generalplan Ost Vom Generalplan Ost; Mechthild Ro*ssler and Sabine Schleiermacher, Der 'Generalplan Ost': Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik Der 'Generalplan Ost': Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik (Berlin, 1993); Thomas Podranski, (Berlin, 1993); Thomas Podranski, Deutsche Siedlungspolitik im Osten: Die verschiedenen Varianten des Generalplan Ost der SS Deutsche Siedlungspolitik im Osten: Die verschiedenen Varianten des Generalplan Ost der SS (Berlin, 2001). (Berlin, 2001).

174 . Evans, . Evans, The Third Reich in Power The Third Reich in Power, 419 - 28.

175 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 463 - 76.

176 . Hitler, . Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk Hitler's Table Talk, 8 (11/12 July 1941).

177 . Ibid., 587 (22 July 1942). . Ibid., 587 (22 July 1942).

178 . Ibid., 624 (9 August 1942). . Ibid., 624 (9 August 1942).

179 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, II. 317 - 20 (17 March 1941).

180 . Ibid., 336 - 7 (30 March 1941). . Ibid., 336 - 7 (30 March 1941).

181 . Ibid. . Ibid.

182 . Quoted in Longerich, . Quoted in Longerich, Politik Politik, 300-301; see also Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, 'The Kommissarbefehl Kommissarbefehl and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War', in Helmut Krausnick and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War', in Helmut Krausnick et al et al., Anatomy of the SS State Anatomy of the SS State (London, 1968 [1965]), 505 - 35 (full translation of the order of 6 June on 532 - 4). (London, 1968 [1965]), 505 - 35 (full translation of the order of 6 June on 532 - 4).

183 . See also Ju*rgen Fo*rster, 'Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation', in . See also Ju*rgen Fo*rster, 'Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation', in GSWW GSWW IV. 481 - 521. IV. 481 - 521.

184 . Jacobsen, 'The . Jacobsen, 'The Kommissarbefehl Kommissarbefehl', 505 - 35, at 517; Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 353 - 60; Bodo Scheurig, Henning von Tresckow: Ein Preusse gegen Hitler Henning von Tresckow: Ein Preusse gegen Hitler (Frankfurt am Main, 1987), 113 - 14; Christian Gerlach, 'Hitlergegner bei der Heeresgruppe Mitte und die "Verbrecherischen Befehle" ', in Gerd R. Ueberscha*r (ed.), (Frankfurt am Main, 1987), 113 - 14; Christian Gerlach, 'Hitlergegner bei der Heeresgruppe Mitte und die "Verbrecherischen Befehle" ', in Gerd R. Ueberscha*r (ed.), NS-Verbrechen und der milita*rische Widerstand gegen Hitler NS-Verbrechen und der milita*rische Widerstand gegen Hitler (Darmstadt, 2000), 62-76; Johannes Hu*rter, 'Auf dem Weg zur Milita*ropposition: Tresckow, Gersdorff, der Vernichtungskrieg und der Judenmord: Neue Dokumente u*ber das Verha*ltnis der Heeresgruppe Mitte zur Einsatzgruppe B im Jahr 1941', (Darmstadt, 2000), 62-76; Johannes Hu*rter, 'Auf dem Weg zur Milita*ropposition: Tresckow, Gersdorff, der Vernichtungskrieg und der Judenmord: Neue Dokumente u*ber das Verha*ltnis der Heeresgruppe Mitte zur Einsatzgruppe B im Jahr 1941', VfZ VfZ 52 (2004), 527 - 62; Bock's views can be found in Bock, 52 (2004), 527 - 62; Bock's views can be found in Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 190 (4 June 1941).

185 . Quoted in Fo*rster, 'Operation Barbarossa', 485. . Quoted in Fo*rster, 'Operation Barbarossa', 485.

186 . Quoted in ibid., 514. . Quoted in ibid., 514.

187 . Quoted in ibid., 520. . Quoted in ibid., 520.

188 . Friedla*nder, . Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 210-11; see also Ortwin Buchbender, Das to*nende Erz: Deutsche Propaganda gegen die Rote Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg Das to*nende Erz: Deutsche Propaganda gegen die Rote Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1978), and for the senior commanders' attitude to the 'criminal orders', Hu*rter, (Stuttgart, 1978), and for the senior commanders' attitude to the 'criminal orders', Hu*rter, Hitlers Heerfu*hrer Hitlers Heerfu*hrer, 247 - 65.

189 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 302 -10, convincingly dealing with the specifics of the controversy between Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (London, 1998 [1992]), and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, (London, 1998 [1992]), and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996), though the general issues raised by Goldhagen rightly continue to be debated. For the background, see Helmut Fangmann (London, 1996), though the general issues raised by Goldhagen rightly continue to be debated. For the background, see Helmut Fangmann et al et al., 'Parteisoldaten': Die Hamburger Polizei im '3. Reich' 'Parteisoldaten': Die Hamburger Polizei im '3. Reich' (Hamburg, 1987); for indoctrination, see Ju*rgen Mattha*us, 'Ausbildungsziel Judenmord? Zum Stellenwert der "weltanschaulichen Erziehung" von SS und Polizei im Rahmen der "Endlo*sung" ', (Hamburg, 1987); for indoctrination, see Ju*rgen Mattha*us, 'Ausbildungsziel Judenmord? Zum Stellenwert der "weltanschaulichen Erziehung" von SS und Polizei im Rahmen der "Endlo*sung" ', Zeitschrift fu*r Geschichtswissenschaft Zeitschrift fu*r Geschichtswissenschaft, 47 (1999), 677 - 99; and idem et al et al. (eds.), Ausbildungsziel Judenmord? 'Weltanschauliche Erziehung' von SS, Polizei und Waffen-SS im Rahmen der 'Endlo*sung' Ausbildungsziel Judenmord? 'Weltanschauliche Erziehung' von SS, Polizei und Waffen-SS im Rahmen der 'Endlo*sung' (Frankfurt am Main, 2003). (Frankfurt am Main, 2003).

190 . Quoted in Longerich, . Quoted in Longerich, Politik Politik, 315.

191 . Ibid., 310-20, provides a very careful consideration of the evidence, concluding that the postwar trial statements of defendants such as the Task Force leader Ohlendorf that a general command was given to kill all Jews indiscriminately lack credibility because of their exculpatory intent. After being condemned to death, indeed, Ohlendorf changed his story and said there had been no such command. See in particular Ralf Ogorreck, . Ibid., 310-20, provides a very careful consideration of the evidence, concluding that the postwar trial statements of defendants such as the Task Force leader Ohlendorf that a general command was given to kill all Jews indiscriminately lack credibility because of their exculpatory intent. After being condemned to death, indeed, Ohlendorf changed his story and said there had been no such command. See in particular Ralf Ogorreck, Die Einsatzgruppen und die 'Genesis der Endlo*sung' Die Einsatzgruppen und die 'Genesis der Endlo*sung' (Berlin, 1996). For the contrary view, see Breitman, (Berlin, 1996). For the contrary view, see Breitman, The Architect of Genocide The Architect of Genocide, 145 - 206. For Jews in the Soviet apparatus, see Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 247-51; more detail in Mordechai Altschuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust: A Social and Demographic Profile Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust: A Social and Demographic Profile (Jerusalem, 1998). (Jerusalem, 1998).

192 . Glantz, . Glantz, Barbarossa Barbarossa, 35.

193 . Brief summaries in Weinberg, . Brief summaries in Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 264-6; Glantz, Barbarossa Barbarossa, 35; and Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 393-9. John Erickson, Stalin's War with Germany Stalin's War with Germany, I: The Road to Stalingrad The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1975), remains the classic account, but has inevitably been overtaken by more recent research and particularly by Soviet documentation released since 1990. The same can be said of the even more detailed account in (London, 1975), remains the classic account, but has inevitably been overtaken by more recent research and particularly by Soviet documentation released since 1990. The same can be said of the even more detailed account in GSWW GSWW IV, in which the sections dealing with the Soviet Union are particularly outdated. The most recent narrative is Bellamy, IV, in which the sections dealing with the Soviet Union are particularly outdated. The most recent narrative is Bellamy, Absolute War Absolute War. See also the discussion of the senior generals' conduct of the campaign in Hu*rter, Hitlers Heerfu*hrer Hitlers Heerfu*hrer, 279 - 302.

194 . Hu*rter (ed.), . Hu*rter (ed.), Ein deutscher General Ein deutscher General, 68 (letter to his wife, 11 July 1941).

195 . Karl Reddemann (ed.), . Karl Reddemann (ed.), Zwischen Front und Heimat: Der Briefwechsel des mu*nsterischen Ehepaares Agnes und Albert Neuhaus 1940-1944 Zwischen Front und Heimat: Der Briefwechsel des mu*nsterischen Ehepaares Agnes und Albert Neuhaus 1940-1944 (Mu*nster, 1996), 223 (to Agnes Neuhaus, 25 June 1941). (Mu*nster, 1996), 223 (to Agnes Neuhaus, 25 June 1941).

196 . Konrad Elmsha*user and Jan Lokers (eds.), . Konrad Elmsha*user and Jan Lokers (eds.), 'Man muss hier nur hart sein': Kriegsbriefe und Bilder einer Familie (1934-1945) 'Man muss hier nur hart sein': Kriegsbriefe und Bilder einer Familie (1934-1945) (Bremen, 1999), 92 (Kalendereintrag Hans-Albert Giese, 22 June 1941). (Bremen, 1999), 92 (Kalendereintrag Hans-Albert Giese, 22 June 1941).

197 . Hu*rter (ed.), . Hu*rter (ed.), Ein deutscher General Ein deutscher General, 63 (letter to family, 24 June 1941).

198 . Quoted in Merridale, . Quoted in Merridale, Ivan's War Ivan's War, 96-7 (also for the preceding details in this paragraph); Mawdsley, Thunder in the East Thunder in the East, 59-69; Glantz, Barbarossa Barbarossa, 37-40. For the condition of the Red Army in 1941, see Glantz, Stumbling Colossus Stumbling Colossus.

199 . Merridale, . Merridale, Ivan's War Ivan's War, 86 - 7.