254 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 216; more generally, ibid., 186-222.

255 . Ibid., 163. . Ibid., 163.

256 . Ibid., 49. . Ibid., 49.

257 . Ibid., 27, 29; the caption to the illustration on 307, claiming the troops were not properly dressed for winter, is belied by the numerous mentions to the contrary in the letters (43, 159, 176, 205). . Ibid., 27, 29; the caption to the illustration on 307, claiming the troops were not properly dressed for winter, is belied by the numerous mentions to the contrary in the letters (43, 159, 176, 205).

258 . Ibid., 16, 38, 180, 236, 262. . Ibid., 16, 38, 180, 236, 262.

259 . Anatoly Golovchansky . Anatoly Golovchansky et al et al. (eds.), 'Ich will raus aus diesem Wahnsinn': Deutsche Briefe von der Ostfront 1941 - 1945 'Ich will raus aus diesem Wahnsinn': Deutsche Briefe von der Ostfront 1941 - 1945 (Wuppertal, 1991), 164 (31 December 1942). (Wuppertal, 1991), 164 (31 December 1942).

260 . Groscurth, . Groscurth, Tagebu*cher Tagebu*cher, 532.

261 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 242.

262 . Golovchansky . Golovchansky et al et al. (eds.), 'Ich will raus' 'Ich will raus', 205 (10 January 1943).

263 . Ibid., 202 (10 January 1943). . Ibid., 202 (10 January 1943).

264 . Ibid., 223 (15 January 1943). . Ibid., 223 (15 January 1943).

265 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 304, 316; similarly on 270, 274, 281, 296, 305.

266 . Rolf Dieter M*ller, ' "Was wir an Hunger ausstehen mu*ssen, k*nnt Ihr Euch gar nicht denken": Eine Armee verhungert', in Wolfram Wette and Gerd R. Uebersch*r (eds.), . Rolf Dieter M*ller, ' "Was wir an Hunger ausstehen mu*ssen, k*nnt Ihr Euch gar nicht denken": Eine Armee verhungert', in Wolfram Wette and Gerd R. Uebersch*r (eds.), Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 131 - 45; Beevor, (Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 131 - 45; Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 335 - 8.

267 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 209; similarly on 124, 143, 161, 186.

268 . Ibid., 306. . Ibid., 306.

269 . Ibid., 318, 322 - 4. . Ibid., 318, 322 - 4.

270 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XII. 4,698 (18 January 1943).

271 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 352 - 73.

272 . Quoted in Ebert (ed.), . Quoted in Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 341 - 2.

273 . Quoted in ibid., 343. . Quoted in ibid., 343.

274 . Ibid., 342 - 4. . Ibid., 342 - 4.

275 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 374-431; Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 543-57; Groscurth, Tageb*cher Tageb*cher, 95; for a detailed account, see Wegner, 'The War against the Soviet Union', GSWW GSWW VI. 1,058 - 72. VI. 1,058 - 72.

276 . Karl-Heinz Frieser, . Karl-Heinz Frieser, Krieg hinter Stacheldraht: Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in der Sowjetunion und das Nationalkomitee 'Freies Deutschland' Krieg hinter Stacheldraht: Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in der Sowjetunion und das Nationalkomitee 'Freies Deutschland' (Mainz, 1981), 55, 144-82, 188 - 9, 193 - 5; Kershaw, (Mainz, 1981), 55, 144-82, 188 - 9, 193 - 5; Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 550 - 51.

277 . Walb, . Walb, Ich, die Alte Ich, die Alte, 260 (3 February 1943).

278 . Wolfram Wette, 'Das Massensterben als "Heldenepos": Stalingrad in der NS-PROPAGANDA', in Wette and Ueberscha*r (eds.), . Wolfram Wette, 'Das Massensterben als "Heldenepos": Stalingrad in der NS-PROPAGANDA', in Wette and Ueberscha*r (eds.), Stalingrad Stalingrad, 43-60; Heinz Boberach, 'Stimmungsumschwung in der deutschen Bev*lkerung', in ibid., 61-6; Bernhard R. Kroener, ' "Nun Volk, steh auf . . . !" Stalingrad und der "totale" Krieg 1942 - 1943', in F*rster (ed.), Stalingrad Stalingrad, 151-70; Marlis Steinert, 'Stalingrad und die deutsche Gesellschaft', in ibid., 171 - 88.

279 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XII. 4,750 - 51 (4 February 1943) (italics in original).

280 . Ibid. . Ibid.

281 . Broszat . Broszat et al et al. (eds.), Bayern Bayern I. 633 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle W*rzburg, 1 February 1943). I. 633 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle W*rzburg, 1 February 1943).

282 . Ibid. (Bericht der SD-Aussenstelle Friedberg, 8 February 1943). . Ibid. (Bericht der SD-Aussenstelle Friedberg, 8 February 1943).

283 . Ibid., 164 - 5 (Monatsbericht des Landrats, 2 February 1943). . Ibid., 164 - 5 (Monatsbericht des Landrats, 2 February 1943).

284 . Hassell, . Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries The von Hassell Diaries, 284.

285 . Broszat . Broszat et al et al. (eds.), Bayern Bayern, I. 633 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle W*rzburg, 1 February 1943).

286 . Klemperer, . Klemperer, To the Bitter End To the Bitter End, 189 - 92 (5 and 14 February 1943).

287 . Broszat . Broszat et al et al. (eds.), Bayern Bayern I. 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Muggendorf, 19 March 1943). I. 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Muggendorf, 19 March 1943).

288 . Ibid., 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Waischenfeld, 19 March 1943). . Ibid., 170 (Monatsbericht der Gendarmerie-Station Waischenfeld, 19 March 1943).

289 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XIII. 5,146 (19 April 1943).

290 . Cited in Noakes (ed.), . Cited in Noakes (ed.), Nazism Nazism, IV. 548.

291 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XIV. 5,445 (8 July 1943) (italics in original).

292 . Ibid., 5,446 (italics in original); also Hassell, . Ibid., 5,446 (italics in original); also Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries The von Hassell Diaries, 294 (March 1943).

293 . Ibid., 5,447 (italics in original). . Ibid., 5,447 (italics in original).

294 . Willi A. Boelcke (ed.), . Willi A. Boelcke (ed.), 'Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?' Die geheimen Goebbels-Konferenzen 1939 - 1943 'Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?' Die geheimen Goebbels-Konferenzen 1939 - 1943 (Munich, 1969 [1967]), 414. (Munich, 1969 [1967]), 414.

295 . The version of the speech here, which differs from the published text, was monitored live by the BBC, and is reproduced from Noakes (ed.), . The version of the speech here, which differs from the published text, was monitored live by the BBC, and is reproduced from Noakes (ed.), Nazism Nazism, IV. 490 - 94. See also Iring Fetscher, Joseph Goebbels im Berliner Sportpalast 1943: 'Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?' Joseph Goebbels im Berliner Sportpalast 1943: 'Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg?' (Hamburg, 1998) (speech reproduced in ibid., 63 - 98); and G*nter Moltmann, 'Goebbels' Speech on Total War, February 18, 1943', in Hajo Holborn (ed.), (Hamburg, 1998) (speech reproduced in ibid., 63 - 98); and G*nter Moltmann, 'Goebbels' Speech on Total War, February 18, 1943', in Hajo Holborn (ed.), Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution: Ten Essays Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution: Ten Essays (New York, 1973 [1972]), 298 - 342. (New York, 1973 [1972]), 298 - 342.

296 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XII. 4,833 (22 February 1943); Moltmann, 'Goebbels' Speech', 337 (for 'mass hypnosis').

297 . Ibid., 309 - 16. . Ibid., 309 - 16.

298 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 561 - 77.

299 . Noakes (ed.), . Noakes (ed.), Nazism Nazism, IV. 238-40; Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XIII. 5,136-40 (1 April 1943).

300 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XII. 4,826 - 30 (18 February 1943).

301 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 353 - 6.

302 . Noakes (ed.), . Noakes (ed.), Nazism Nazism, IV. 510 - 18.

303 . Ibid. . Ibid.

304 . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 284 - 6; Josef Wulf, . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 284 - 6; Josef Wulf, Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation (G*tersloh, 1964), 374. (G*tersloh, 1964), 374.

305 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, IX. 3,504 - 5 (23 March 1942).

306 . Ibid. . Ibid.

307 . Noakes (ed.), . Noakes (ed.), Nazism Nazism, IV. 521, 548.

308 . Herbst, . Herbst, Der totale Krieg Der totale Krieg, 171 - 241.

309 . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 259-64 (263 for the quote), criticizing Alan S. Milward, 'Hitlers Konzept des Blitzkrieges', in Andreas Hillgruber (ed.), . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 259-64 (263 for the quote), criticizing Alan S. Milward, 'Hitlers Konzept des Blitzkrieges', in Andreas Hillgruber (ed.), Probleme des Zweiten Weltkrieges Probleme des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Cologne, 1967), 19-40, and Burton H. Klein, (Cologne, 1967), 19-40, and Burton H. Klein, Germany's Economic Preparations for War Germany's Economic Preparations for War (Cambridge, Mass., 1959); see also Evans, (Cambridge, Mass., 1959); see also Evans, The Third Reich in Power The Third Reich in Power, 322 - 36, 349 - 50, 477 - 92.

310 . Carroll, . Carroll, Design for Total War Design for Total War, 190.

311 . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 264 - 71. . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 264 - 71.

312 . Ibid., 272; Tooze, . Ibid., 272; Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 353 - 6; Aly, Hitler's Beneficiaries Hitler's Beneficiaries, 295 - 300; Philipp Kratz, 'Sparen fu *r das kleine Glu*ck', in Go*tz Aly (ed.), Volkes Stimme: Skepsis und Fu*hrervertrauen im Nationalsozialismus Volkes Stimme: Skepsis und Fu*hrervertrauen im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main, 2006), 59 - 79; Angelika Ebbinghaus, 'Fakten oder Fiktionen: Wie ist G*tz Aly zu seinen weitreichenden Schlussfolgerungen gekommen?', (Frankfurt am Main, 2006), 59 - 79; Angelika Ebbinghaus, 'Fakten oder Fiktionen: Wie ist G*tz Aly zu seinen weitreichenden Schlussfolgerungen gekommen?', Sozial.Geschichte Sozial.Geschichte, 20 (2005), 29 - 45, at 32; see also Christoph Buchheim, 'Die vielen Rechenfehler in der Abrechnung G*tz Alys mit den Deutschen unter dem NS-Regime', Sozial.Geschichte Sozial.Geschichte, 20 (2005), 67 - 76.

313 . Mathilde Wolff-M*nckeberg, . Mathilde Wolff-M*nckeberg, On the Other Side: To My Children from Germany 1940 - 1945 On the Other Side: To My Children from Germany 1940 - 1945 (London, 1982 [1979]), 96. (London, 1982 [1979]), 96.

314 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XVI. 6,260 - 5 (quote on 6,262).

315 . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 272 - 84. . Overy, 'Guns or Butter?', 272 - 84.

316 . Ibid., 285 - 91. . Ibid., 285 - 91.

317 . Hassell, . Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries The von Hassell Diaries, 173.

318 . P*ppel, . P*ppel, Heaven and Hell Heaven and Hell, 101.

319 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, XII. 4,831 (22 February 1943) (italics in original).

320 . Broszat . Broszat et al et al. (eds.), Bayern Bayern, I. 169 (Landrat Ebermannstadt, Monatsbericht, 2 March 1943).

321 . Ibid., 635 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle W*rzburg, 22 February 1943). . Ibid., 635 (Bericht der SD-Hauptaussenstelle W*rzburg, 22 February 1943).

Chapter 5. ' THE BEGINNING OF THE END'.1 . 'Aufsatz des Schu*lers G*nter R. von der Dreik*nigschule in Dresden, verfasst am 9. November 1934', No. 120, in Joachim S. Hohmann and Hermann Langer (eds.), . 'Aufsatz des Schu*lers G*nter R. von der Dreik*nigschule in Dresden, verfasst am 9. November 1934', No. 120, in Joachim S. Hohmann and Hermann Langer (eds.), 'Stolz, ein Deutscher zu sein . . .': Nationales Selbstverst*ndnis in Schulaufsa*tzen 1914 - 1945 'Stolz, ein Deutscher zu sein . . .': Nationales Selbstverst*ndnis in Schulaufsa*tzen 1914 - 1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 227 - 8. (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 227 - 8.

2 . Ralf Blank, 'Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg an der "Heimatfront" ', . Ralf Blank, 'Kriegsalltag und Luftkrieg an der "Heimatfront" ', DRZW DRZW IX/I. 357 - 468, at 358 and 403 - 6. IX/I. 357 - 468, at 358 and 403 - 6.

3 . Ursula B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" und die Folgen: Der Bombenkrieg', in Forschungsstelle fu*r Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg (ed.), . Ursula B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" und die Folgen: Der Bombenkrieg', in Forschungsstelle fu*r Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg (ed.), Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich' Hamburg im 'Dritten Reich' (G*ttingen, 2005), 613 - 32, at 613 - 16; Horst Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War over Europe and German Air Defence', in (G*ttingen, 2005), 613 - 32, at 613 - 16; Horst Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War over Europe and German Air Defence', in GSWW GSWW VI. 469 - 628, at 478 - 91. VI. 469 - 628, at 478 - 91.

4 . Shirer, . Shirer, Berlin Diary Berlin Diary, 441 - 2 (9 November 1940).

5 . Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 379 - 406. . Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 379 - 406.

6 . Richard Overy, . Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won (London, 1995), 101 - 4 (also for the quotes); Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 492 - 521. (London, 1995), 101 - 4 (also for the quotes); Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 492 - 521.

7 . Weinberg, . Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 572 - 7; Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won, 104 - 12; Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War Total War, 489-94; Jo*rg Friedrich, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940 - 1945 Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940 - 1945 (Munich, 2002), 63 - 85. For a discussion of the doctrine of strategic bombing, its origins and evolution, see Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 469 - 77. (Munich, 2002), 63 - 85. For a discussion of the doctrine of strategic bombing, its origins and evolution, see Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 469 - 77.

8 . Ibid., 565 - 6, 622 - 3. . Ibid., 565 - 6, 622 - 3.

9 . Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 367 - 8. . Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 367 - 8.

10 . Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 622 - 3. . Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 622 - 3.

11 . Weinberg, . Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 577; Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won, 109-10; Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War Total War, 494; Friedrich, Der Brand Der Brand, 86 - 7, 179 - 90; Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 558 - 66. The Lancaster was still called the Manchester at this time.

12 . Boberach (ed.), . Boberach (ed.), Meldungen Meldungen, X. 3,597 - 9 (9 April 1942).

13 . Solmitz, . Solmitz, Tagebuch Tagebuch, 765 (8 September 1942).

14 . Ibid., 733 (26 April 1942, 29 April 1942). . Ibid., 733 (26 April 1942, 29 April 1942).

15 . Overy, . Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won, 117 - 19; Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 578 - 9; Calvocoressi and Wint, Total War Total War, 494; Boog, 'The Anglo-American Strategic Air War', 566 - 621.

16 . Quoted in Overy, . Quoted in Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won, 117; Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 9-15; and see also the classic official history by Charles Webster and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939 - 1945 The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939 - 1945 (4 vols., London, 1961), IV. 273 - 83. (4 vols., London, 1961), IV. 273 - 83.

17 . Overy, . Overy, Why the Allies Won Why the Allies Won, 114 - 22; Blank, 'Kriegsalltag', 366 - 8; Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 22 - 9.

18 . Fr*hlich (ed.), . Fr*hlich (ed.), Die Tageb*cher Die Tageb*cher, VII. 491 (7 March 1943).

19 . Blank, 'Kriegsalltag', 369 - 70. . Blank, 'Kriegsalltag', 369 - 70.

20 . Tooze, . Tooze, The Wages of Destruction The Wages of Destruction, 596 - 600.

21 . Speer, . Speer, Inside the Third Reich Inside the Third Reich, 389 - 93, quoting his office journal.

22 . Martin Middlebrook, . Martin Middlebrook, The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces against a German City in 1943 The Battle of Hamburg: Allied Bomber Forces against a German City in 1943 (London, 1980), 93 - 251; Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 43 - 51. (London, 1980), 93 - 251; Boog, 'The Strategic Air War', 43 - 51.

23 . Quoted in Middlebrook, . Quoted in Middlebrook, The Battle of Hamburg The Battle of Hamburg, 264-5; ibid., 252-81, for details of the firestorm.

24 . Ibid., 266 - 7. . Ibid., 266 - 7.

25 . Ibid., 282 - 327; B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" ', 616 - 18; Friedrich, . Ibid., 282 - 327; B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" ', 616 - 18; Friedrich, Der Brand Der Brand, 455; see also Christian Hanke et al et al., Hamburg im Bombenkrieg 1940 - 1945: Das Schicksal einer Stadt Hamburg im Bombenkrieg 1940 - 1945: Das Schicksal einer Stadt (Hamburg, 2001); and Renate Hauschild-Thiessen (ed.), (Hamburg, 2001); and Renate Hauschild-Thiessen (ed.), Die Hamburger Katastrophe vom Sommer 1943 in Augenzeugenberichten Die Hamburger Katastrophe vom Sommer 1943 in Augenzeugenberichten (Hamburg, 1991). (Hamburg, 1991).

26 . Wolff-M*nckeberg, . Wolff-M*nckeberg, On the Other Side On the Other Side, 79.

27 . Ibid., 79; B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" ', 620 - 22. . Ibid., 79; B*ttner, ' "Gomorrha" ', 620 - 22.

28 . Solmitz, . Solmitz, Tagebuch Tagebuch, 840, 851 (4 August 1943, 19 August 1943).

29 . Breloer (ed.), . Breloer (ed.), Geheime Welten Geheime Welten, 41.

30 . Ibid., 42. . Ibid., 42.

31 . Ibid., 43. . Ibid., 43.

32 . Solmitz, . Solmitz, Tagebuch Tagebuch, 930 (21 June 1944), 943 (8 August 1944).