154 . David Carroll, . David Carroll, French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton, N.J., 1995). (Princeton, N.J., 1995).

155 . Anne Grynberg, . Anne Grynberg, Les Camps de la honte: Les internes juifs des camps francais, 1939- 1944 Les Camps de la honte: Les internes juifs des camps francais, 1939- 1944 (Paris, 1991); Marrus and Paxton, (Paris, 1991); Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France Vichy France, 121-76; Rene'e Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II Jews in France during World War II (Hanover, 2001 [1994]), 42 - 55. (Hanover, 2001 [1994]), 42 - 55.

156 . Friedla*nder, . Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 169-78.

157 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 435.

158 . Ahrlich Meyer, Ta . Ahrlich Meyer, Ta*ter im Verho*r: Die Endl*sung der Judenfrage in Frankreich 1940- 1944 (Darmstadt, 2005), and Barbara Lambauer, 'Opportunistischer Antisemitismus: Der deutsche Botschafter Otto Abetz und die Judenverfolgung in Frankreich', (Darmstadt, 2005), and Barbara Lambauer, 'Opportunistischer Antisemitismus: Der deutsche Botschafter Otto Abetz und die Judenverfolgung in Frankreich', VfZ VfZ 53 (2005), 241 - 73. 53 (2005), 241 - 73.

159 . Friedl*nder, . Friedl*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 157-78; for Dannecker's background and deep-dyed antisemitism, see Claudia Steur, Theodor Dannecker: Ein Funktion*r der 'Endlo*sung' Theodor Dannecker: Ein Funktion*r der 'Endlo*sung' (Essen, 1997), 14-91; for the race laws and their application in France, see Susan Zuccotti, (Essen, 1997), 14-91; for the race laws and their application in France, see Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews (New York, 1993), 51-64 (also 65-80 for the camps). More generally, see also the account in Jackson, (New York, 1993), 51-64 (also 65-80 for the camps). More generally, see also the account in Jackson, France France, 354 - 84.

160 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 434 - 40.

161 . Gerald Schwab, . Gerald Schwab, The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan (New York, 1990). (New York, 1990).

162 . Jacques Adler, . Jacques Adler, The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution: Communal Responses and Internal Conflicts, 1940-1944 The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution: Communal Responses and Internal Conflicts, 1940-1944 (New York, 1987). (New York, 1987).

163 . Marrus and Paxton, . Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France Vichy France, 281-340; see also Carmen Callil, Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family and Fatherland Bad Faith: A Forgotten History of Family and Fatherland (London, 2007). (London, 2007).

164 . Friedla*nder, . Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 377.

165 . Poznanski, . Poznanski, Jews in France Jews in France, 237 - 50.

166 . Ibid., 303-55; Marrus and Paxton, . Ibid., 303-55; Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France Vichy France, 250-55; Zuccotti, The Holocaust The Holocaust, 103-17; Asher Cohen, Pers'cutions et sauvetages: Juifs et Franais sous l'Occupation et sous Vichy Pers'cutions et sauvetages: Juifs et Franais sous l'Occupation et sous Vichy (Paris, 1993), 269-7. (Paris, 1993), 269-7.

167 . Richard I. Cohen, . Richard I. Cohen, The Burden of Conscience: French Jewish Leadership during the Holocaust The Burden of Conscience: French Jewish Leadership during the Holocaust (Bloomington, Ind., 1987); Cohen, (Bloomington, Ind., 1987); Cohen, Pers'cutions Pers'cutions, 125 - 90.

168 . Michele Cointet, . Michele Cointet, L'E L'E'glise sous Vichy, 1940-1945: La r'pentance en question (Paris, 1998). (Paris, 1998).

169 . Jackson, . Jackson, France France, 221-4.

170 . Witte . Witte et al et al. (eds.), Der Dienstkalender Der Dienstkalender, 637.

171 . Longerich, . Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl Der ungeschriebene Befehl, 178-9.

172 . Cohen, . Cohen, Perse'cutions Perse'cutions, 191-240, analyses changing public opinion in France; see also Jackson, France France, 233-5.

173 . Cohen, . Cohen, Perse'cutions Perse'cutions, 496.

174 . Jackson, . Jackson, France France, 213-35, 389-426.

175 . Martin Conway, . Martin Conway, Collaboration in Belgium: L'on Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940-1944 Collaboration in Belgium: L'on Degrelle and the Rexist Movement 1940-1944 (London, 1993), 22 - 7, 286-9. (London, 1993), 22 - 7, 286-9.

176 . Werner Warmbrunn, . Werner Warmbrunn, The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940-1945 The Dutch under German Occupation, 1940-1945 (London, 1963), 24 - 5, 32 - 4, 261-5; Gerhard Hirschfeld, (London, 1963), 24 - 5, 32 - 4, 261-5; Gerhard Hirschfeld, Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940 - 1945 Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940 - 1945 (Oxford, 1988 [1984]), 5 - 6. Konrad Kwiet, (Oxford, 1988 [1984]), 5 - 6. Konrad Kwiet, Reichskommissariat Niederlande: Versuch und Scheitern nationalsozialistischer Neuordnung Reichskommissariat Niederlande: Versuch und Scheitern nationalsozialistischer Neuordnung (Stuttgart, 1968) argues that collaboration with the bourgeois establishment was less successful. (Stuttgart, 1968) argues that collaboration with the bourgeois establishment was less successful.

177 . Bob Moore, . Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940 - 1945 Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, 1940 - 1945 (London, 1997), 19 - 90. (London, 1997), 19 - 90.

178 . Moore, . Moore, Victims and Survivors Victims and Survivors, 146-89; Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl The Diary of a Young Girl (New York, 1995). (New York, 1995).

179 . Moore, . Moore, Victims and Survivors Victims and Survivors, 91-115, 195-206; Louis de Jong, 'The Netherlands and Auschwitz', Yad Vashem Studies Yad Vashem Studies, 7 (1968), 39 - 55; Gerhard Hirschfeld, 'Niederlande', in Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Dimension des Vo*lkermords: Die Zahl der ju*dischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus Dimension des Vo*lkermords: Die Zahl der ju*dischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1991), 137-63. (Munich, 1991), 137-63.

180 . Moore, . Moore, Victims and Survivors Victims and Survivors, 102-4.

181 . Ibid., 125-6. . Ibid., 125-6.

182 . Dan Michman (ed.), . Dan Michman (ed.), Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans (Jerusalem, 1998). (Jerusalem, 1998).

183 . Moore, . Moore, Victims and Survivors Victims and Survivors, 2, 255; Maxime Steinberg, La Perse'cution des Juifs en Belgique (1940-1945) La Perse'cution des Juifs en Belgique (1940-1945) (Brussels, 2004), 77-108 (for economic measures) and 157-91 (for the role of the police). (Brussels, 2004), 77-108 (for economic measures) and 157-91 (for the role of the police).

184 . William B. Cohen and Jo*rgen Svensson, 'Finland and the Holocaust', . William B. Cohen and Jo*rgen Svensson, 'Finland and the Holocaust', Holocaust and Genocide Studies Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 9 (1995), 70-92; Longerich, Politik Politik, 520.

185 . Ibid., 531-2. . Ibid., 531-2.

186 . Paul A. Levine, . Paul A. Levine, From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938-1944 From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938-1944 (Uppsala, 1998); Friedla*nder, (Uppsala, 1998); Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 449, 454.

187 . Jozef Lewandowski, 'Early Swedish Information about the Nazis' Mass Murder of the Jews', . Jozef Lewandowski, 'Early Swedish Information about the Nazis' Mass Murder of the Jews', Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, 13 (2000), 113-27; Steven Kublik, The Stones Cry Out: Sweden's Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945 The Stones Cry Out: Sweden's Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945 (New York, 1988). (New York, 1988).

188 . Ulrich Herbert, . Ulrich Herbert, Best: Biographische Studien u*ber Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft, 1903-1989 Best: Biographische Studien u*ber Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft, 1903-1989 (Bonn, 1996), 323-41. (Bonn, 1996), 323-41.

189 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 555-8; Herbert, Best Best, 360-73; Leni Yahil, The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy (Philadelphia, Pa., 1969), 233-84; and Levine, (Philadelphia, Pa., 1969), 233-84; and Levine, From Indifference to Activism From Indifference to Activism, 229-45. See also the controversy between Gunnar S. Paulsson, 'The Bridge over the resund: The Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-occupied Denmark', in David Cesarani (ed.), Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies (London, 2004), V. 99-127, and Hans Kirchhoff, 'Denmark: A Light in the Darkness of the Holocaust? A Reply to Gunnar S. Paulsson', ibid., 128-39. (London, 2004), V. 99-127, and Hans Kirchhoff, 'Denmark: A Light in the Darkness of the Holocaust? A Reply to Gunnar S. Paulsson', ibid., 128-39.

190 . Quoted in Longerich, . Quoted in Longerich, Politik Politik, 558.

191 . Hassell, . Hassell, The von Hassell Diaries The von Hassell Diaries, 352.

192 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 558-60.

193 . Mark Mazower, . Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 Salonica: City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (London, 2004), 421-42; Longerich, (London, 2004), 421-42; Longerich, Politik Politik, 526-7, 546 - 7, 561-2.

194 . G*tz Aly, 'Die Deportation der Juden von Rhodos nach Auschwitz', . G*tz Aly, 'Die Deportation der Juden von Rhodos nach Auschwitz', Mittelweg Mittelweg, 36 (2003), 79-88.

195 . Deletant, . Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally Hitler's Forgotten Ally, 205-25.

196 . Hillgruber (ed.), . Hillgruber (ed.), Staatsma*nner und Diplomaten Staatsma*nner und Diplomaten, II. 494; on Vatican intervention in Romania, see Theodore Lavi, 'The Vatican's Endeavors on Behalf of Romanian Jewry during the Second World War', Yad Vashem Studies Yad Vashem Studies, 5(1963), 405-18.

197 . Tzvetan Todorov, . Tzvetan Todorov, The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust (London, 1999); more generally, Friedla*nder, (London, 1999); more generally, Friedla*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 452, 485 (quoting Ribbentrop); Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally Hitler's Forgotten Ally, 198-204; Crampton, Bulgaria Bulgaria, 264-6; Stephane Groueff, Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943 Crown of Thorns: The Reign of King Boris III of Bulgaria, 1918-1943 (Lanham, Md., 1987), 316-31; and Frederick B. Chary, (Lanham, Md., 1987), 316-31; and Frederick B. Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944 (Pittsburgh, Pa., 1972). (Pittsburgh, Pa., 1972).

198 . Hillgruber (ed.), . Hillgruber (ed.), Staatsma*nner und Diplomaten Staatsma*nner und Diplomaten, II. 256.

199 . Longerich, . Longerich, Politik Politik, 491-2, 563-5.

200 . Livia Rothkirchen, 'The Situation of the Jews in Slovakia between 1939 and 1945', . Livia Rothkirchen, 'The Situation of the Jews in Slovakia between 1939 and 1945', Jahrbuch fu*r Antisemitismusforschung Jahrbuch fu*r Antisemitismusforschung, 7 (1998), 46-70; Friedl*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination , 372-4, 485-6 (quote at 373-4). , 372-4, 485-6 (quote at 373-4).

201 . Ibid., 669; Rothkirchen, 'The Situation of the Jews'; John F. Morley, . Ibid., 669; Rothkirchen, 'The Situation of the Jews'; John F. Morley, Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1945 Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (New York, 1980). (New York, 1980).

202 . Marrus and Paxton, . Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France Vichy France, 215-80.

203 . Ahlrich Meyer, . Ahlrich Meyer, Die deutsche Besatzung in Frankreich 1940-1944: Widerstandbek*mpfung und Judenverfolgung Die deutsche Besatzung in Frankreich 1940-1944: Widerstandbek*mpfung und Judenverfolgung (Darmstadt, 2000), 149-68. (Darmstadt, 2000), 149-68.

204 . Bob Moore 'Comparing Resistance and Resistance Movements', in idem (ed.), . Bob Moore 'Comparing Resistance and Resistance Movements', in idem (ed.), Resistance in Western Europe Resistance in Western Europe (Oxford, 2000), 249-62. (Oxford, 2000), 249-62.

205 . For Greece, see Mazower, . For Greece, see Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece Inside Hitler's Greece, esp. 265-354.

206 . Klukowski, . Klukowski, Diary Diary, 197 (17 May 1942).

207 . Ibid., 229-31 (7-14 December 1942). . Ibid., 229-31 (7-14 December 1942).

208 . Ibid., 235-7 (1-16 January 1943), 282 (29 September 1943), 286 (19 October 1943). . Ibid., 235-7 (1-16 January 1943), 282 (29 September 1943), 286 (19 October 1943).

209 . Ibid., 155-6 (12 June 1941), 159 (21 June 1941); Gross, . Ibid., 155-6 (12 June 1941), 159 (21 June 1941); Gross, Polish Society Polish Society, 213-91.

210 . Klukowski, . Klukowski, Diary Diary, 244-5 (22- 5 February 1943).

211 . Ibid., 299 (5 February 1944), 305 (2 March 1944). . Ibid., 299 (5 February 1944), 305 (2 March 1944).

212 . Borodziej, . Borodziej, Terror und Politik Terror und Politik, 162-209.

213 . Quoted in Hans Umbreit, 'Das unbewa*ltigte Problem: Der Partisanenkrieg im R*cken der Ostfront', in J*rgen F*rster (ed.), . Quoted in Hans Umbreit, 'Das unbewa*ltigte Problem: Der Partisanenkrieg im R*cken der Ostfront', in J*rgen F*rster (ed.), Stalingrad: Ereignis: Wirkung und Symbol Stalingrad: Ereignis: Wirkung und Symbol (Munich, 1992), 130-49, at 142- 3. (Munich, 1992), 130-49, at 142- 3.

214 . Peter Klein, 'Zwischen den Fronten: Die Zivilbev*lkerung Weissrusslands und der Krieg der Wehrmacht gegen die Partisanen', in Quinkert (ed.), . Peter Klein, 'Zwischen den Fronten: Die Zivilbev*lkerung Weissrusslands und der Krieg der Wehrmacht gegen die Partisanen', in Quinkert (ed.), 'Wir sind die Herren dieses Landes' 'Wir sind die Herren dieses Landes', 82-103.

215 . Friedl*nder, . Friedl*nder, The Years of Extermination The Years of Extermination, 250.

216 . Klukowski, . Klukowski, Diary Diary, 223-6 (4-20 November 1942).

217 . Ibid., 227 (26 November 1942). . Ibid., 227 (26 November 1942).

218 . Dina Porat, 'The Vilna Proclamation of January 1, 1942, in Historical Perspective', . Dina Porat, 'The Vilna Proclamation of January 1, 1942, in Historical Perspective', Yad Vashem Studies Yad Vashem Studies, 25 (1996), 99 - 136.

219 . Nechama Tec, . Nechama Tec, Ich wollte retten: Die unglaubliche Geschichte der Bielski-Partisanen 1942 - 1944 Ich wollte retten: Die unglaubliche Geschichte der Bielski-Partisanen 1942 - 1944 (Berlin, 2002). (Berlin, 2002).

220 . Sven Erichson (ed.), . Sven Erichson (ed.), Abschied ist immer: Briefe an den Bruder im Zweiten Weltkrieg Abschied ist immer: Briefe an den Bruder im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 78; more generally, Weinberg, (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 78; more generally, Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 408 - 17.

221 . David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, . David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 98 - 107. (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 98 - 107.

222 . Bock, . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 445 (15 June 1942).

223 . Elmsh*user and Lokers (eds.), . Elmsh*user and Lokers (eds.), 'Man muss hier nur hart sein' 'Man muss hier nur hart sein', 181 (letter to Frieda, 20 July 1942).

224 . Weinberg, . Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 296-8, 412; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East Thunder in the East, 118-48; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed When Titans Clashed, 105-19; Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung , 470 (13 - 15 July 1942). , 470 (13 - 15 July 1942).

225 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 526 - 8.

226 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, III. 489 (23 July 1942).

227 . Speer, . Speer, Inside the Third Reich Inside the Third Reich, 332.

228 . Bellamy, . Bellamy, Absolute War Absolute War, 351 - 408; David Glantz, The Siege of Leningrad 1941 - 1944: 900 Days of Terror The Siege of Leningrad 1941 - 1944: 900 Days of Terror (London, 2004); Harrison E. Salisbury, (London, 2004); Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (London, 1969). (London, 1969).

229 . Quoted in Kershaw, . Quoted in Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 531 - 2.

230 . Meier-Welcker, . Meier-Welcker, Aufzeichnungen Aufzeichnungen, 159 (9 April 1942).

231 . Erichson, . Erichson, Abschied Abschied, 27 (letter to brother, 28 July 1942).

232 . Ibid., 77 (letter of 18 August 1942). . Ibid., 77 (letter of 18 August 1942).

233 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, III. 513 (30 August 1942).

234 . Ibid., 517 (4 September 1942), 528 (24 September 1942). . Ibid., 517 (4 September 1942), 528 (24 September 1942).

235 . Weinberg, . Weinberg, A World at Arms A World at Arms, 408-17, 420-28; Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 531-4; Bernd Wegner, 'Vom Lebensraum zum Todesraum: Deutschlands Kriegf*hrung zwischen Moskau und Stalingrad', in F*rster (ed.), Stalingrad Stalingrad, 17-38; Bernd Wegner, 'The War against the Soviet Union, 1942 - 1943', GSWW GSWW VI. 843 - 1,203, at 843 - 1,058. VI. 843 - 1,203, at 843 - 1,058.

236 . Heinrich von Einsiedel, . Heinrich von Einsiedel, The Shadow of Stalingrad: Being the Diary of a Temptation The Shadow of Stalingrad: Being the Diary of a Temptation (London, 1953), 7 - 8 (24 August 1942). (London, 1953), 7 - 8 (24 August 1942).

237 . Ibid., 8-9. . Ibid., 8-9.

238 . Ibid.; Antony Beevor, . Ibid.; Antony Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad (London, 1998), 92 - 5. (London, 1998), 92 - 5.

239 . Ibid., 102 - 31. . Ibid., 102 - 31.

240 . Halder, . Halder, Kriegstagebuch Kriegstagebuch, III. 514 (31 August 1942).

241 . Reddemann (ed.), . Reddemann (ed.), Zwischen Front und Heimat Zwischen Front und Heimat, 631 (to Agnes, 3 October 1942).

242 . Kershaw, . Kershaw, Hitler Hitler, II. 536 - 8.

243 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 127 - 33, 166 - 77.

244 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 291 - 310.

245 . Jens Ebert (ed.), . Jens Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe aus Stalingrad: November 1942 bis Januar 1943 Feldpostbriefe aus Stalingrad: November 1942 bis Januar 1943 (Munich, 2006 [2000]). See also Katrin A. Kilian, 'Kriegsstimmungen: Emotionen einfacher Soldaten in Feldpostbriefen', (Munich, 2006 [2000]). See also Katrin A. Kilian, 'Kriegsstimmungen: Emotionen einfacher Soldaten in Feldpostbriefen', DRZW DRZW IX/II. 251 - 88, for the decline in morale and hope for the end of the war, as expressed in soldiers' letters. IX/II. 251 - 88, for the decline in morale and hope for the end of the war, as expressed in soldiers' letters.

246 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 189 - 235.

247 . Ibid., 236-65; see also Mawdsley, . Ibid., 236-65; see also Mawdsley, Thunder in the East Thunder in the East, 159-73, and Bellamy, Absolute War Absolute War, 497-53.

248 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 266 - 90.

249 . Speer, . Speer, Inside the Third Reich Inside the Third Reich, 343.

250 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 81.

251 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 333 - 6.

252 . Ebert (ed.), . Ebert (ed.), Feldpostbriefe Feldpostbriefe, 170.

253 . Beevor, . Beevor, Stalingrad Stalingrad, 311 - 30.