[Footnote 131: Ma.s.sachusetts, New Hampshire and Maryland.]

[Footnote 132: Art. V.]

[Footnote 133: Elliot's Debates, Vol. I, p. 181 and Vol. V, p. 132.]

[Footnote 134: Const.i.tutional History of the United States, Vol. I, p.

79.]

[Footnote 135: No. 46.]

[Footnote 136: No. 45.]

[Footnote 137: Von Holst, Vol. I, p. 88.]

[Footnote 138: Ford's Ed. Jefferson's Works, Vol. VII, p. 301.]

[Footnote 139: Works, Vol. I, p. 169.]

[Footnote 140: Works, Vol. I, p. 242.]

[Footnote 141: Sept., 24, 1789. U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. I.]

[Footnote 142: Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government, p. 4.]

[Footnote 143: Art. I, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 144: The states of Maine, Oregon and Vermont still elect their representatives to Congress before the general November election. Maine holds her election on the second Monday in September, Oregon on the first Monday in June and Vermont on the first Tuesday in September next preceding the general November election.]

[Footnote 145: John F. Shafroth, When Congress Should Convene; North Am.

Rev., Vol. 164. The writer of this article makes the common but erroneous a.s.sumption that the fundamental principle of our government is majority rule. From the standpoint of democracy, however, his argument is una.s.sailable.]

[Footnote 146: A modification of this check on public opinion has been incorporated in the charter of one of our new Western cities. In Spokane, Washington, one-half of the councilmen take their seats immediately after the regular munic.i.p.al election, and the other half, though elected at the same time, do not enter upon the discharge of their duties until one year later.]

[Footnote 147: Art. I, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 148: The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, Ch. 15.]

[Footnote 149: The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, Ch. 15.]

[Footnote 150: The Conduct of Business in Congress, North Am. Rev., Vol.

CXXVIII, p. 121.]

[Footnote 151: _Ibid._, p. 122.]

[Footnote 152: For instances of the exercise of this power see Follett, The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Ch. IX.]

[Footnote 153: Senator h.o.a.r's Article.]

[Footnote 154: Boutmy, Studies in Const.i.tutional Law, pp. 98-99.]

[Footnote 155: Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, Vol. I, p. 20.]

[Footnote 156: _Federalist_, No. 10.]

[Footnote 157: For a discussion of the causes of present-day corruption, see an article by Professor Edward A. Ross in _The Independent_, July 19, 1906, on "Political Decay: An Interpretation."]

[Footnote 158: In the enabling acts for the admission of Nebraska and Nevada (1864), Colorado (1875), North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington (1889), and Utah (1896), we find the provision that the state const.i.tution shall not be repugnant to the Const.i.tution of the United States and the principles of the Declaration of Independence.]

[Footnote 159: See Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. VI, p. 469.]

[Footnote 160: Goodnow, Munic.i.p.al Home Rule, p. 20.]

[Footnote 161: Munic.i.p.al Problems, p. 9.]

[Footnote 162: Goodnow, Munic.i.p.al Home Rule, p. 23.]

[Footnote 163: Goodnow, Munic.i.p.al Home Rule, pp. 24-26.]

[Footnote 164: Tacoma Gas and Electric Light Co. v. Tacoma, 14 Wash.]

[Footnote 165: The employment of the special fund device for munic.i.p.al ownership purposes has been upheld by the Supreme Court of Washington.

See Winston v. Spokane, 12 Wash. 524, and Faulkner v. Seattle, 19 Wash.

320.]

[Footnote 166: Const., Art. I, sec. 2 and Art. II, sec. 1.]

[Footnote 167: Abstract of the Twelfth Census, p. 133.]

[Footnote 168: Const.i.tution of Colorado, Art. X, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 169: These figures concerning munic.i.p.ally owned waterworks as well as those in the following paragraph relating to electric light plants, are based on the data contained in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Labor on Water, Gas and Electric Light Plants.]

[Footnote 170: Water, Gas and Electric Light Plants, 1899.]

[Footnote 171: Abstract of the Twelfth Census, p. 133.]

[Footnote 172: Ibid, p. 28.]

[Footnote 173: Cooley, Const.i.tutional Limitations, 6th ed., p. 282, n.]

[Footnote 174: The Shame of the Cities, p. 5.]

[Footnote 175: Bryce, Vol. I, p. 663.]

[Footnote 176: Willoughby, The Nature of the State, p. 416.]

[Footnote 177: Pol. Sci. and Const. Law, Vol. I, p. 197.]

[Footnote 178: Ford's ed. of _The Federalist_, Introduction, p. xiii.]