=Viger, Louis Michel.= =E= Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Vignal.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; ministers to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.

=Ville Marie.= =L= Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90. =Bk= Former name of Montreal, 99. _See also_ Montreal.

=Villebon, Chevalier de.= Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with promises of a.s.sistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. =Index=: =F= Governor of Acadia, mentions burning of prisoners, 328. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Villieu, De.= =F= Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.

=Vimont, Barthelemy.= Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the work of G.o.d. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the land." =Index=: =C= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape Breton mission, 237. =F= Jesuit father, celebrates first ma.s.s at Montreal, 34. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, 1640-1645; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Vincennes.= =Hd= Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.

=Vincent, John= (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In 1841 reached the grade of general. =Index=: =Bk= Of the 49th, his military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Vincent de Paul, Saint= (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St.

Lazare in Paris, 1632. =Index=: =L= Olier a pupil of, 24.

=Vindicator.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =P= Edited by Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the _Patriotes_, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127.

=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Virginia.= =Ch= Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.

=Vitelleschi, Father.= =Ch= General of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.

=Vitre Charles Denis de.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

=Vitre, Jean Denis de.= =WM= Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet, 78.

=Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de= (1694-1778). French writer.

=Index=: =WM= Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. =L= On men and empires, 123. =Bib.=: For biog. and bib. of his works, _see_ Larousse, _Dict. Univ._

=Voltigeurs.= =Bk= Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189, 191.

=Volunteer.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.

=Volunteers at Quebec.= =Dr= On conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked, 144.

=Von Shoultz.= A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten others were tried by court martial and hanged. =Index=: =Mc= Plans attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444.

=Md= With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.

=Vorhees.= =S= Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.

=Voyageurs.= =D= Character of, 52. =Bk= Of the Hudson's Bay Company, a.s.sist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.

=Voyer, Colonel.= =Dr= Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.

=Vrooman's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.

=Wadsworth, William= (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. =Index=: =Bk= Commanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Wages.= =S= Rate of, 113.

=Wake, Sir Isaac= (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of Savoy. Amba.s.sador to the French court, 1630-1632. =Index=: =Ch= English amba.s.sador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between Kirke and De Caen, 218. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Wakefield, Edward Gibbon= (1796-1862). Born in London, England.

Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (_q.v._) to Canada as unofficial adviser. a.s.sisted Durham in drawing up the _Report on the Affairs of British North America_. In 1843 elected to the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert Wynyard. =Index=: =BL= Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Garnett, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Walcheren Expedition.= =Bk= Failure of, 119.

=Walker, Sir Hovenden= (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England.

Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the _Vulture_ fireship; in 1695 in command of the _Foresight_, and in 1696, when in charge of convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive expedition to Canada. =Index=: =WM= Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Walker, Thomas.= =Dr= Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; a.s.sault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain persons accused of partic.i.p.ation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in court, 38. =Dr= Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.

=Wallace, Hugh.= =Hd= Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.

=Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke= (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario.

Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of that const.i.tuency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over twenty years. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Men_.

=Walley, John= (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689.

In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston.

In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston. =Index=: =F= Second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of expedition, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Walpole, Horace.= _See_ Orford.

=Walrond, Theodore.= =E= On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work there, 215. =Bib.=: _Life of Elgin_.

=Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron= (1719-1781). =Dr= Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=War of 1812.= Declared by the United States against Great Britain in June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the northern border, and several of the most important engagements were fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of Pa.s.samaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to the war were left unsettled by the treaty. =Index=: =R= Loyalty of Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. =P= Services rendered by Papineau, 5. =BL= Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. _See also_ Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Chateauguay; Chrystler's Farm; Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Cruikshank, _Doc.u.mentary History of the Campaign_ and _Record of the Services of Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812_; Roosevelt, _Naval War of 1812_; Auchinleck, _War between Great Britain and the United States_; Coffin, _1812: the War and its Moral_; Lossing, _Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812_; Irving, _Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of 1812-14_; Mahan, _Naval War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812-14_.

_See also_ other references in _Lit. Am. Hist._

=Wark, David= (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative a.s.sembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the session of the Senate in his hundredth year. =Index=: =W= Moves resolutions in New Brunswick a.s.sembly on foreign commercial relations, 118. =T= Member of Fisher government, 43. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Warner, Seth= (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, and as second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General Montgomery. Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the American army until 1782, when he retired. =Index=: =Dr= Attacks Ticonderoga, 179. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Washington, George= (1732-1799). First president of the United States.

=Index=: =Dr= Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views, 286. =Hd= Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110; objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126, 253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129; Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of methods of, 298. =Bib.=: _See_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._ for sketch, and list of lives.

=Washington Treaty=, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain rivers and ca.n.a.ls and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit; exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge h.o.a.r, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the instance of the United States, July, 1885. =Index=: =Md= History of, 165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165; questions of special interest to Canada--San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid claims, insh.o.r.e fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission, 168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169; difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire, 184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. =B= Brown's mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct result of, 225. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Houston, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; _Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council Relative to the Treaty of Washington_, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, _The Treaty of Washington_; Adams, _Before and after the Treaty of Washington_.

=Waterways.= =B= Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. _See also_ Ca.n.a.ls; Rivers.

=Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart.= (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, and at various times connected with the London and North-Western Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway.

=Index=: =C= President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, 125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128.