=Vancouver, George= (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in the _Resolution_ with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in the _Discovery_ on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the _Martin_, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the _Europe_, 1784; and to the _Courageux_, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command of the _Discovery_, to survey the coast from lat. 30 N. to Cook's River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life preparing his journals for publication. =Index=: =D= Outline of his voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West Pa.s.sage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. =MS= Mackenzie hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's journey, 86. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795_. _See also_ Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; Meany, _Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound_; _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Vancouver Island.= The largest island on the west coast of North America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787.

Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun.

The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government.

=Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, 1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, 210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327.

=Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; MacFie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_. _See also_ British Columbia.

=Van Egmond, Anthony.= Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. =Index=: =Mc= Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, 382; dies in prison, 382. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_.

=Vanelly.= =Ch= Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.

=Vanfelson, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

=Van Horne, Major.= American officer. =Index=: =Bk= Force of, dispersed by Tec.u.mseh's Indians, 237.

=Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius= (1843- ). Born in Will County, Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G.

=Index=: =Md= Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.

=Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott= (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, and minister of agriculture, in the Tache administration, and in November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From 1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of selling townships _en bloc_, and the opening up and improvement of roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. =Index=: =T= Delegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer= (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, came in contact with the Canadian revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250.

After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. =Index=: =Mc= Fights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.

=Van Rensselaer, Solomon= (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at Albany, 1822-1839. =Index=: =Bk= Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, 284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Van Rensselaer, Stephen= (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 elected to the a.s.sembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the a.s.sembly in 1798 and 1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the service. In 1816 elected to the a.s.sembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served in Congress. =Index=: =Bk= In command on Niagara frontier, 284; correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Varin, J. B.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

=Vauban, De.= =F= French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, 326.

=Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de= (1698-1778). Born at Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (_q.v._). Entered the army at an early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, 1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of Canada, but released after trial before the Chatelet de Paris. =Index=: =WM= Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Levis on victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Levis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack of energy, 215; promises a.s.sistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having fallen, he marches with Levis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Levis on victory of Ste.

Foy, 267. =P= Extent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143. =BL= His capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. =Hd= Last French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.= Came to Canada, 1687, in command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, 1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725.

=Index=: =L= Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callieres as governor, 235. =F= Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, 308. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Half Century of Conflict_.

=Vauquelin, Jean= (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently given command of the _Arethuse_. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg with reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On his release returned to France, and was arrested. =Index=: =WM= Hero of Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates _Atalante_ and _Pomone_, 243.

=Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Vaux, Mme. de.= =WM= Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.

=Vendremur, Corneille de.= =Ch= Clerk, returns to France, 209.

=Ventadour, Henri de Levy, Duc de= (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, 1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De Ventadour. Pointe Levy, or Levis, opposite Quebec, was named after him.

=Index=: =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. =Ch= Appointed viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Vercheres, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.= Born in 1678 in the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the a.s.sistance of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudiere; and in 1722 De la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date of her death is not known. =Index=: =F= Defends fort against Iroquois, 319. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Richard, _Supplement to Report on Canadian Archives_, 1899.

=Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de= (1717-1787). Born in Dijon.

Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 amba.s.sador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778.

=Index=: =Dr= His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Vergor, Duchambon de.= In command of Fort Beausejour, 1745. A confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. =Index=: =WM= Placed by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for giving up Fort Beausejour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

_See also_ Siege of Quebec, 1759.

=Vermont.= =Dr= People of, anxious for ca.n.a.l communication with St.

Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial reasons, 299; =Hd= Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York, 197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.

=Verrazano, Giovanni du.= Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's report of his voyage. _See_ Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the _Bollettiano_ of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909.

=Index=: =Ch= His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. =Bib.=: Murphy, _Voyage of Verrazano_; De Costa, _Verrazano, the Explorer_.

=Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste= (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848.

In 1848-1856 princ.i.p.al of Ste. Therese College. In 1851 ordained priest.

In 1857 first princ.i.p.al of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a member of the Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the Societe des Arcadem of Rome. =Index=: =L= On educational work of Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127. =F= On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character of Frontenac, 360. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Versailles, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern Townships. =Index=: =WM= Concluded in 1783, 269; a.s.sured the independence of the thirteen colonies, 269. =S= Its provisions for protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united colonies, 118. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Vesey, Colonel.= =Bk= Question of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock, 153, 154, 157.

=Vicaille.= =Ch= Vessel of David Kirke, 178.

=Victoria= (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg 1840. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 48. =Md= Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. =Bib.=: Works: _Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands_; _Letters of Queen Victoria_; _Royal Correspondence_. For biog., _see_ Fawcett, _Life of Queen Victoria_; Gurney, _Childhood of Queen Victoria_; Holmes, _Queen Victoria_ Lee, _Queen Victoria: a Biography_; Oliphant, _Queen Victoria: a Personal Sketch_.

=Victoria.= Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864.

=Index=: =D= Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with Roderick Finlayson as a.s.sistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit of frigate _America_, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; H.M.S. _Constance_ arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate _Fisguard_, 184; surveying ships _Herald_ and _Pandora_, 184; trade gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, 185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of 1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, _British Colonist_, 1858, 271. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Victoria Bridge.= At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of $6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. =Index=: =E= Built by Grand Trunk Railway, 115. =Md= Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87.

=Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._

=Victoria University.= In affiliation with the University of Toronto.

Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in 1830; opened 1836. =Index=: =BL= Refuses to come into the provincial university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. =R= Founded, 86; Ryerson president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, 144; legislative grant, 148. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =Bib.=: Burwash, _Historical Sketch of Victoria University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Vidal, Alexander= (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England.

Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. =Index=: =B= His resolution in favour of prohibition, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Viel, Father Nicolas.= =Ch= Recollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; drowned, 209. =L= Missionary labours of, 3.

=Vieux-Pont, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.

=Viger, Denis Benjamin= (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 elected to the Legislative a.s.sembly. Took an active part in the discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and 1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. =Index=: =BL= Member for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes munic.i.p.al government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. =C= In Draper government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St.

Hyacinthe, 18. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of French Canadians, 63; at meeting of Const.i.tutional Committee, 1834, 88; ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. =Md= Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. =Bib.=: Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.