=Peyras, Jean Baptiste.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits Acadia, 271. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

=Philadelphia.= =S= British army evacuates, 25. =Hd= Spirit of rebellion strong in, 104.

=Philipps, Richard= (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia, 1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731.

Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until 1849. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed.

by Akins.

=Phillips, Mary.= =Dr= Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, becomes wife of Colonel Morris, 202.

=Phillips, William= (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756; commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772 became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough, near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. =Index=: =Dr= Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not occupied, 159. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Phipps, Sir William= (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering 300,000, of which his share was 16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Ma.s.sachusetts, with a special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. =Index=: =F= Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287; his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; returns as governor of Ma.s.sachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. =L= Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat, 231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Piat, Father.= =Ch= Recollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150; recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.

=Pichon, Thomas.= A native of France; in early life a medical student.

Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort Beausejour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the British, which was of great a.s.sistance in the capture of the place.

Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death, 1781. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Pickard, John.= =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96, 108.

=Pickering, Timothy= (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; appointed adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca Indians, and arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office which also included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the administration of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to Ma.s.sachusetts, where he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1802. =Index=: =S= American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. =Bk= Ma.s.sachusetts Senator, his toast to Great Britain, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc.

Am. Biog._

=Picquet.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

=Pierre, Captain.= _See_ Chauvin, Pierre de.

=Pijard, Father.= =L= Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, 86.

=Pillet.= =Ch= Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.

=Pillon.= =Hd= Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.

=Pilot.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Established, March 5, 1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; offices wrecked by mob, 323.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Battle of the Plains of Abraham]

=Pilots, Canadian.= =WM= Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on British men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. _See also_ Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

=Piraube, Martial.= =Ch= G.o.dfather to young Hurons, 233.

=Pitt, William= (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born at Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his administration. =Index=: =S= Const.i.tutional Act introduced by, 1, 7.

=Dr= Introduces Const.i.tutional Act in House of Commons, 263. =Sy= His expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Pivert, Nicolas.= =Ch= Early settler, 145.

=Plague.= =L= Breaks out on the _St. Andre_, 31.

=Plains of Abraham.= Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion government as a national park. =Index=: =WM= Origin of name, situation and extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; of French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army seized by panic, 206. =Ch= Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict fought on, Sept. 13, 1759. _See also_ Martin, Abraham. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_.

=Plamondon, Marc Aurele.= Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests, among others the _Artisan_; also established _Le Menestre_ and the _Courrier Commercial_. In 1855 founded _Le National_, for several years one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can.

Men_.

=Plessis, Joseph Octave.= Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named archbishop of Quebec in 1819, but never a.s.sumed the t.i.tle. =Index=: =Bk= His staunch support of British rule, 87. =P= Accepts leadership of Papineau, 34, 45.

=Plet.= =F= Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with financial matters, 177.

=Pointe au Fer.= =Dr= British troops concentrated at, 153.

=Pointe-aux-Trembles.= On north sh.o.r.e of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County.

=Index=: =WM= Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating army halts at, 218; Levis's army lands at, 246.

=Pointe Levis.= On south sh.o.r.e of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec.

=Index=: =WM= Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; Quebec bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military exercises, 120; Wolfe a.s.sembles three army corps at, 159.

=Pollock, Duncan.= =MS= Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.

=Pommier, Hugues.= =L= Director of Seminary, 55.

=Pomone.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

=Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de= (1721-1764). =WM= a.s.sisted in Bougainville's promotion, 177.

=Pond, Peter.= =MS= a.s.sociated with Pangman and others in opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15, 17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross, 16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River, 1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58.

=Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de= (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, France. In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada.

Soon after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of the general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which they claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, however, confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree prohibited religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but the bishop refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he appointed a vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the terms of capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short illness. =Index=: =WM= Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to arms, 63; his palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in spite of fatal illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, 220; issues _mandemant_ in support of Levis' attack on Quebec, 245. =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de Quebec_.

=Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de= (1643-1727). Chancellor of France. =Index=: =F= Minister of marine, 72.

=Pont-Grave, Francois Grave, Sieur du Pont.= A merchant of St. Malo; sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of 1603, and again in 1613. =Index=: =Ch= Joins expedition to Acadia, 19; arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32; sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40; member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45; returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125; comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133; proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to Canada with De Caen, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec, 191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. =F= Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8. _See also_ Champlain. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Pontiac= (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his Indians a.s.sisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes, and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In 1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from Lake Michigan to Niagara, and ma.s.sacred their garrisons. Detroit then attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in 1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 a.s.sa.s.sinated by a Kaskaskia Indian. =Index=: =Hd= Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his rising quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.

=Pontiac's War.= =Dr= History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; conduct of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. _See also_ Pontiac.

=Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Smith, _Historical Account of Bouquet's Expedition_.

=Pontleroy.= =WM= French military engineer, 85, 90.

=Pope, James Colledge= (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward Island. Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits.

Sat in the Prince Edward Island a.s.sembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867.

A strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated, 1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election.

Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office until his retirement from public life, 1882. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Pope, John Henry= (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec.

Elected for Compton to the Canada a.s.sembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific Railway contract; minister of railways and ca.n.a.ls, 1885. =Index=: =B= Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._