=Eastern Townships.= =Hd= Proposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists, 264. =Dr= Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288. =Bib.=: Day, _Pioneers of the Eastern Townships_; Day, _History of the Eastern Townships;_ Thomas, _History of the Eastern Townships_.

=Easton, James.= =Dr= American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at Sorel, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Eau, Chevalier d'.= =F= Goes on emba.s.sy to Iroquois, 262.

=Echemin Indians.= A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. =Index=: =WM= Enemies of the English, 16.

=Edgar, Sir James David= (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the House of Commons, 1896. =Index=: =Md= Sent to British Columbia by Mackenzie government, 234. =D= Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320. =Bib.=: Works: _This Canada of Ours and Other Poems_; _The White Stone Canoe_; _Canada and its Capital_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can.

Men_.

=Edmonton.= Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des Prairies. =Bib.=: Cameron, _The City on the Saskatchewan_.

=Edmonton House.= =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.

=Education.= =Md= University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education established, 116. =W= State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views on education, 90-91. =T= Improvement in school system, 20; King's College, 20-22. =WM= Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. =R= In Upper Canada, 51-59; pet.i.tions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,--its provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268. =E= Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88. =BL= System of common schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act pa.s.sed, 105; previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339. =Sy= Demand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes of, 240-242. =S= Simcoe's efforts in cause of, 166. =C= In the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. =Dr= Committee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229. =H= In Nova Scotia,--Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115. =B= George Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145. =Hd= In the early days of British rule, 233-236. _See_ Ryerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools.

=Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vols. 2, 3, and 4; Chauveau, _L'Instruction Publique_; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_; Hodgins, _Doc.u.mentary History of Education in Upper Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Meilleur, _L'Education du Bas-Canada_; Millar, _Educational System of Ontario_; Ross, _Universities of Canada_; _Education in the Canadas_ (Archives Report, 1899).

=Edward VII= (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. =Index=: =E= His visit to Canada in 1860, 7. =Md= Visits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge, 87. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Tour of Prince of Wales through Canada_; Gough, _The King's Visit to Canada_.

=Edward and Annie.= =MS= The vessel which brought the Red River settlers from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.

=Effiat, Duc d'.= =Ch= Second in list of Hundred a.s.sociates (Company of New France), 170.

=Eldon, John Scott, first Earl= (1751-1838). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Election Frauds.= =B= In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100, 106.

=Election Laws.= =BL= Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, 144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform measures, 286.

=Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of= (1811-1863). =E= His qualities as a statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, 15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government reimburs.e.m.e.nt of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; on agricultural a.s.sociations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, 101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, 120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, 135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the att.i.tude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to j.a.pan, 214; negotiates treaty of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, 215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on the status of a const.i.tutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the American political system, 257-258. =B= On causes of depression in Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,--views on imperial unity, 33; introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 34-38. =Md= Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible government, 32-33; gives a.s.sent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98, 216. =T= Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. =BL= Mentioned, 75; att.i.tude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial situation, and att.i.tude towards responsible government, 273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true att.i.tude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his att.i.tude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338. =R= Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126.

=C= On education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. =H= Attends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. =Mc= a.s.sents to Amnesty Act, 480. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can.

Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Walrond, _Letters of Lord Elgin_; Wrong, _The Earl of Elgin_; Le Moine, _Le Comte d'Elgin_ (R. S. C., 1894).

=Eliott, G. A.= _See_ Heathfield.

=Elisa, Francisco.= Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790.

Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following year. =Index=: =D= His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26.

=Bib.=: Bancroft, _North-West Coast_.

=Ellice, Edward= (1781-1863). =P= Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. =MS= Opposes sale of Red River land to Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, 220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Elliott, Colonel.= =Bk= Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in charge of Indians in western district, 230.

=Elliott.= =Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

=Elmsley, John= (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council--a position he held until his death. =Index=: =S= Becomes chief-justice, 178. =Bk= His death, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Embargo.= =Bk= On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114.

=Emigration.= =Sy= Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in aid of, 322.

=Emulous.= =Bk= British ship, prizes taken by, 224.

=End, William.= =W= Votes against address of New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 46; referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, 97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.

=Endemare, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.

=England.= =Bk= At war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula (1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on struggle in Europe, 269.

=English Colonies.= =F= Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, 263. =WM= Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than the French, 21.

=English Colonization.= =WM= Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20; demoralizing effect of, 20. =Bib.=: Fiske, _New France and New England_.

=English Law.= =Hd= Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. =Dr= Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected thereto, 40.

=English Settlers in Canada.= =Dr= Position taken by, 9; find French laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to England, 16; pet.i.tion for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, 47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to administration of justice, 55.

=Enos, General Roger= (1729-1808). =Hd= In command of Vermont troops, 211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Epidemics.= =L= Ravages of, 239. _See_ Smallpox.

=Equal Rights a.s.sociation.= Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among the princ.i.p.al founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and Clarke Wallace. =Index=: =Md= Grew out of agitation over Jesuits'

Estates question, 289.

=Erie Indians.= A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Erie, Lake.= Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brebeuf and Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's _Relation_ of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's _Griffon_ was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly shown on Sanson map of 1650. =Bib.=: Chaumonot, _Vie_; Harris, _Early Missions_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Ermatinger, Francis.= =D= His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132.

=Bib.=: Simpson, _Journey round the World_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron= (1776-1855). =Bk= British minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to orders-in-council, 120. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Eskimos.= American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours.

=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Reclus, _Primitive Folk_.

_See also_ United States Bureau of Ethnology _Reports_.

=Esquimalt.= Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island.

=Index=: =D= Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name, 175; H. M. S. _Constance_ arrives there, 184.

=Ess.e.x.= =Bk= United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.

=Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'= (1729-1794). =Hd= His proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Esten, James C. Palmer= (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed vice-chancellor, 1849. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.