NACA-Causal.

This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.

The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs, and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.

The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or ca, before.

Remark. At Cebu and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:

Of what illness did John die? Onsay namatyan or guicamatyan ni Juan?

He was struck with fever. Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.

2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with more energy and precision the causality idea.

Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says, that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:

ACTIVE.

The medicine did well with the Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa sick. masaquit.

PASSIVE.

The medicine &. Ang tambal maoy guica-ayohan sa masaquit.

3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only the verb. Examples:

What did your brother die of? Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on mo?

He died of fever. Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia.

Our Lord Jesus Christ died Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy nailed to a shameful cross. guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C.

The just man, pities his Giucasaquitan sa taong matarung ang neighbours sufferings. mga saquit sa iyang isigcataoo.

Why? Ngano?, Mano?.

Because. Cay.

For what reason? Onsay hinungdan cay?

Why did you become sick? Onsay hinungdan cay guisaquit ca?

Will you give me the cocoa you Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao have? nga na-a canimo?

I will give it to you. Bu-ut aco muhatag canimo sa acong cacao.

Can you drink as much wine as Macainom ba camo sa vino ug sa gatas milk? nga magsama sa cadaghan?

We can drink as much of the one Macainom came sa usa ug sa usa nga as of the other. magsama sa cadaghan.

Can our neighbours children Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga work? silingan ta?

They can, but are not willing Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut.

to work.

Whom do you wish to answer? Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan?

I wish to answer my good Bu-ut aco magbalus sa acong mga friends. higalang ma-ayo.

Where is your son? Hain ba ang anac mo?

He is at the street Tua sa dalan.

Why do you laugh? Onsa ba ang guicatao-an nino?

I am coming to work to-morrow. Muanhi aco ugma cay aron magbuhat aco.

The Almighty God. Ang Macagagahum sa ngatanan.

Exercise XX.

What is the price of this cloth?--I sell it at six reals (tolo ca cahate) the rod--It seems to me very dear--Will you have the kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?--I am ready to serve you--Does this red cloth suit you?--It does not suit me--Why so?--Because it is too dear--Are you learning Bisaya?--Yes, I am learning it--Who is your teacher?--A Recoleto Father--Does he teach also English?--Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish to his American friends--I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore, I beg of you to introduce me to him--I should like to know, why I do not know to speak as well as you?--I will tell you: you would speak as well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid, if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.

TWENTY FIRST LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES MI AND NA.

MI.

The particle mi, signifies to do what the root points out, and is ordinarily compounded with verbs denoting motion. It is formed by putting mi, before the root for present tense, min for past, and mu for the future. The imperative mood is formed with um before the root, when begins with a vowel; but when with a consonant, um must be placed between the first and the second radical letters. Ex:

When will the steamer arrive? Anus-a ba muabut ang vapor?

My father arrived yesterday. Cahapon minabut si Tatay.

Who has arrived at the town? Quinsa ba ang minabut sa longsod?

I wish to enter, in order to speak Musulud unta aco, sa pagsulti sa with the Captain. Capitan.

Make haste, it is my master Dumali ca, cay guipa-abut ca man waiting you. sa agalon co.

Do you wish to dine? Bu-ut ba camo cumaon?

We wish to eat, but we do not wish Bu-ut came cumaon, apan dili came to drink. bu-ut uminom.

Do you wish to drink any thing? Bu-ut ba camo uminom bisan onsa?

I do not wish to drink any thing. Dili aco bu-ut muinom bisan onsa.

NA

l.a The particle na, is joined to the neuter verbs and signifies what the root points out. In active voice is made use of na for present and past tenses, and of ma, for the future.