22: Europe Re-enchanted or Disenchanted? (1815-1914) 1 N. Atkin and F. Tallett, N. Atkin and F. Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (London, 2003), 91. (London, 2003), 91.

2 Duffy, 320. Pius X removed the possibility of this happening again in an election: ibid., 321-2. Duffy, 320. Pius X removed the possibility of this happening again in an election: ibid., 321-2.

3 V. Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate: The Sisters of St-Andre between the Bishop of Tournai and Rome, 1850-1886', V. Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate: The Sisters of St-Andre between the Bishop of Tournai and Rome, 1850-1886', JEH JEH, 59 (2008), 447-74, at 461.

4 B. Hamnet, 'Recent Work in Mexican History', B. Hamnet, 'Recent Work in Mexican History', HJ HJ, 50 (2007), 747-59, at 757.

5 Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate', 449. Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate', 449.

6 K. Harrison, K. Harrison, Saint Therese of Lisieux Saint Therese of Lisieux (London, 2003), 71-3, 186. (London, 2003), 71-3, 186.

7 D. Blackbourn, D. Blackbourn, Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany (Oxford, 1993), 1-57. (Oxford, 1993), 1-57.

8 J. Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 192-217, at 199 - 201. J. Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 192-217, at 199 - 201.

9 Blackbourn, Blackbourn, Marpingen Marpingen, esp. 278-81, 400-401, 405. On the Kulturkampf, Kulturkampf, see also Ch. 11. see also Ch. 11.

10 Among the most celebrated are Anna Katherina Emmerich (from north-west Germany, stigmata from 1813), Maria Dominica Lazzari (from the Tyrol, stigmata 1835), Maria de Moerl or von Merl (also from the Tyrol, stigmata 1839) and Louise Lateau (from Belgium, stigmata 1868). After Lateau, there was a long gap till the time of the celebrated Italian Francesco Forgione or Padre Pio (1887-1968). Among the most celebrated are Anna Katherina Emmerich (from north-west Germany, stigmata from 1813), Maria Dominica Lazzari (from the Tyrol, stigmata 1835), Maria de Moerl or von Merl (also from the Tyrol, stigmata 1839) and Louise Lateau (from Belgium, stigmata 1868). After Lateau, there was a long gap till the time of the celebrated Italian Francesco Forgione or Padre Pio (1887-1968).

11 M. A. Sells, M. A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), 98-9, 105-13. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), 98-9, 105-13.

12 J. de Maistre, J. de Maistre, Du Pape Du Pape, Discours prelim Discours prelim, 24 and 7-8: qu. F. Oakley, The Conciliarist Tradition: Const.i.tutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870 The Conciliarist Tradition: Const.i.tutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870 (Oxford, 2003), 202; partly my translation. (Oxford, 2003), 202; partly my translation.

13 O. Chadwick, O. Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830-1914 A History of the Popes 1830-1914 (Oxford, 1998), 174-6. (Oxford, 1998), 174-6.

14 It should be pointed out that authoritarian-minded outsiders to Freemasonry of whatever political and religious complexion have found the Masons' clannishness and secretiveness threatening: nineteenth-century American Protestantism as much as n.a.z.ism and State Communism. That is what makes Freemasonry's survival in Castro's Cuba so remarkable. It should be pointed out that authoritarian-minded outsiders to Freemasonry of whatever political and religious complexion have found the Masons' clannishness and secretiveness threatening: nineteenth-century American Protestantism as much as n.a.z.ism and State Communism. That is what makes Freemasonry's survival in Castro's Cuba so remarkable.

15 Atkin and Tallett, Atkin and Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People Priests, Prelates and People, 136.

16 Handy, 121-4. Handy, 121-4.

17 E. Larkin, E. Larkin, The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre-Famine Ireland, 1750-1850 The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre-Famine Ireland, 1750-1850 (Dublin and Washington, DC, 2006), 5-6, 259-69. On Catholic emanc.i.p.ation in Britain, see pp. 838-9. (Dublin and Washington, DC, 2006), 5-6, 259-69. On Catholic emanc.i.p.ation in Britain, see pp. 838-9.

18 Hope, 316-21. Hope, 316-21.

19 Burleigh, 137; Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate', esp. at 450. Burleigh, 137; Viaene, 'The Second s.e.x and the First Estate', esp. at 450.

20 S. Scholz, S. Scholz, Der deutsche Katholizismus und Polen (1830-1849): Ident.i.tatsbildung zwischen konfessioneller Solidaritat und antirevolutionarer Abgrenzung Der deutsche Katholizismus und Polen (1830-1849): Ident.i.tatsbildung zwischen konfessioneller Solidaritat und antirevolutionarer Abgrenzung (Osnabruck, 2005), 154-63, 240-49. (Osnabruck, 2005), 154-63, 240-49.

21 By 1876, Our Lady had decided to clarify her syntax, and told the Marpingen visionaries (again in a local dialect), 'I am the Immaculately Conceived': Blackbourn, By 1876, Our Lady had decided to clarify her syntax, and told the Marpingen visionaries (again in a local dialect), 'I am the Immaculately Conceived': Blackbourn, Marpingen Marpingen, 2.

22 T. Taylor, ' "So many extraordinary things to tell": Letters from Lourdes, 1858', T. Taylor, ' "So many extraordinary things to tell": Letters from Lourdes, 1858', JEH JEH, 46 (1995), 457-81, at 464, 472-7.

23 Atkin and Tallett, Atkin and Tallett, Priests, Prelates and People Priests, Prelates and People, 136-9.

24 A point eloquently made by Oakley, A point eloquently made by Oakley, The Conciliarist Tradition The Conciliarist Tradition, 16-19, 195.

25 B. Brennan, 'Visiting "Peter in Chains": French Pilgrimage to Rome, 1873-93' B. Brennan, 'Visiting "Peter in Chains": French Pilgrimage to Rome, 1873-93', JEH, 51 (2000), 741-65, at 759-60. On the Pope and Bruno, see Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830-1914 A History of the Popes 1830-1914, 303.

26 The main exception was the formidable Brooke Foss Westcott, who as Bishop of Durham successfully mediated a long-running Durham miners' dispute in 1892. The main exception was the formidable Brooke Foss Westcott, who as Bishop of Durham successfully mediated a long-running Durham miners' dispute in 1892.

27 R. Harris, 'The a.s.sumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair', R. Harris, 'The a.s.sumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair', PP PP, 194 (February 2007), 175-212, esp. 177, 192.

28 A useful introduction is J. McManners, A useful introduction is J. McManners, Church and State in France 1870-1914 Church and State in France 1870-1914 (London, 1972), esp. Ch. 6. (London, 1972), esp. Ch. 6.

29 Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', 205, 209 and Fig. 8 (217). Two versions are in St Paul's Cathedral, London and Keble College Chapel, Oxford. Garnett, 'The Nineteenth Century', 205, 209 and Fig. 8 (217). Two versions are in St Paul's Cathedral, London and Keble College Chapel, Oxford.

30 S. Mumm, ' "A peril to the Bench of Bishops": Sisterhoods and Episcopal Authority in the Church of England, 1845-1908', S. Mumm, ' "A peril to the Bench of Bishops": Sisterhoods and Episcopal Authority in the Church of England, 1845-1908', JEH JEH, 59 (2008), 62-78.

31 J. Hopkins, J. Hopkins, A Woman to Deliver Her People: Joanna Southcott and English Millenarianism in an Era of Revolution A Woman to Deliver Her People: Joanna Southcott and English Millenarianism in an Era of Revolution (Austin, 1982), esp. 272-3. We await the full results of the major research project being conducted on the Panacea Society of Bedford by Christopher Rowland and Jane Shaw. (Austin, 1982), esp. 272-3. We await the full results of the major research project being conducted on the Panacea Society of Bedford by Christopher Rowland and Jane Shaw.

32 C. G. Flegg, C. G. Flegg, 'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church 'Gathered under Apostles': A Study of the Catholic Apostolic Church (Oxford, 1992), 41-51. For the tragicomic story of a later English visionary, Mary Ann Girling, see P. h.o.a.re, (Oxford, 1992), 41-51. For the tragicomic story of a later English visionary, Mary Ann Girling, see P. h.o.a.re, England's Lost Eden/Lost Edens: Adventures in a Victorian Utopia England's Lost Eden/Lost Edens: Adventures in a Victorian Utopia (London, 2005), and for several examples of female prophetic founders of Churches in the USA, see Ch. 23. (London, 2005), and for several examples of female prophetic founders of Churches in the USA, see Ch. 23.

33 T. La.r.s.en, ' "How many sisters make a brotherhood?" A Case Study in Gender and Ecclesiology in Early 19th-century English Dissent', T. La.r.s.en, ' "How many sisters make a brotherhood?" A Case Study in Gender and Ecclesiology in Early 19th-century English Dissent', JEH JEH, 49 (1998), 282-92.

34 H. Mathers, 'The Evangelical Spirituality of a Victorian Feminist: Josephine Butler, 1828-1906', H. Mathers, 'The Evangelical Spirituality of a Victorian Feminist: Josephine Butler, 1828-1906', JEH JEH, 52 (2001), 282-312, at 299, 302.

35 T. A. Howard, T. A. Howard, Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University (Oxford, 2006), 143, 151-4. (Oxford, 2006), 143, 151-4.

36 Ibid., 166-72. Ibid., 166-72.

37 G. Spiegler, G. Spiegler, The Eternal Covenant The Eternal Covenant (New York, 1967), 128, qu. J. Macquarrie, (New York, 1967), 128, qu. J. Macquarrie, Thinking about G.o.d Thinking about G.o.d (London, 1975), 161. (London, 1975), 161.

38 B. A. Gerrish, B. A. Gerrish, A Prince of the Church: Schleiermacher and the Beginnings of Modern Theology A Prince of the Church: Schleiermacher and the Beginnings of Modern Theology (London, 1984), 39. (London, 1984), 39.

39 G. W. F. Hegel, ed. E. Moldenhauer and K. M. Michel, G. W. F. Hegel, ed. E. Moldenhauer and K. M. Michel, Werke Werke (20 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1969-71), XVI, 192, qu. P. Kennedy, (20 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1969-71), XVI, 192, qu. P. Kennedy, A Modern Introduction to Theology: New Questions for Old Beliefs A Modern Introduction to Theology: New Questions for Old Beliefs (London, 2006), 99. (London, 2006), 99.

40 L. Feuerbach, L. Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12. The English translation, like that of Strauss's (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12. The English translation, like that of Strauss's Leben Jesu Leben Jesu, was by the freethinking Christian Mary Anne or Marian Evans (who used the pen name George Eliot in her novels).

41 J. Garff, J. Garff, Soren Kierkegaard: A Biography Soren Kierkegaard: A Biography (Princeton, 2005), esp. 5-6, 102-3, 134-6, 308-16, 517-19. (Princeton, 2005), esp. 5-6, 102-3, 134-6, 308-16, 517-19.

42 S. Kierkegaard, ed. H. V. and E. H. Hong, S. Kierkegaard, ed. H. V. and E. H. Hong, The Moment, and Late Writings The Moment, and Late Writings (Princeton, 1998; first published 1855), 206 [ (Princeton, 1998; first published 1855), 206 [The Moment, no. 6].

43 S. Kierkegaard, tr. A. Hannay, S. Kierkegaard, tr. A. Hannay, Fear and Trembling Fear and Trembling (London, 2005; originally published pseudonymously 1843), 150 [Epilogue]. (London, 2005; originally published pseudonymously 1843), 150 [Epilogue].

44 J. A. Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', J. A. Moses, 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Repudiation of Protestant German War Theology', JRH JRH, 30 (2006), 354 - 70, esp. 356.

45 W. Walsh, W. Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford Movement The Secret History of the Oxford Movement (5th edn, London, 1899), 362. (5th edn, London, 1899), 362.

46 Hope, 340-43. Hope, 340-43.

47 The monumental German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, built between 1893 and 1898 on a site acquired by the Prussian Crown Prince in 1869 very near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, was another eventual outcome of German religious fascination with the Holy Land. It is a notably a.s.sertive element on the Jerusalem skyline, not to that skyline's enhancement. The monumental German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, built between 1893 and 1898 on a site acquired by the Prussian Crown Prince in 1869 very near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, was another eventual outcome of German religious fascination with the Holy Land. It is a notably a.s.sertive element on the Jerusalem skyline, not to that skyline's enhancement.

48 N. M. Railton, N. M. Railton, No North Sea: The Anglo-German Evangelical Network in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century No North Sea: The Anglo-German Evangelical Network in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century (Leiden, 2000), esp. Ch. 8. The second Bishop of Jerusalem, Samuel Gobat, was also an enthusiastic writer on apocalyptic matters. (Leiden, 2000), esp. Ch. 8. The second Bishop of Jerusalem, Samuel Gobat, was also an enthusiastic writer on apocalyptic matters.

49 R. J. Ross, R. J. Ross, The Failure of Bismarck's The Failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf Kulturkampf: Catholicism and State Power in Imperial Germany, 1871-1887 (Washington, DC, 1998), esp. 180 - 90. (Washington, DC, 1998), esp. 180 - 90.

50 Burleigh, 263-7, and see useful summary discussion by H. McLeod in Burleigh, 263-7, and see useful summary discussion by H. McLeod in JEH JEH, 54 (2003), 787-9 of L. Holscher et al. (eds.), Datenatlas zur religiosen Geographie im protestantischen Deutschland. Von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg Datenatlas zur religiosen Geographie im protestantischen Deutschland. Von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg (4 vols., Berlin and New York, 2001). (4 vols., Berlin and New York, 2001).

51 From 1873 through a personal choice of Queen Victoria, British monarchs and their family have acted as if they are members of the Church of Scotland when in Scotland, to the chagrin of many Anglican High Churchmen: on the origins of this, see O. Chadwick, 'The Sacrament at Crathie, 1873', in S. J. Brown and G. Newlands (eds.), From 1873 through a personal choice of Queen Victoria, British monarchs and their family have acted as if they are members of the Church of Scotland when in Scotland, to the chagrin of many Anglican High Churchmen: on the origins of this, see O. Chadwick, 'The Sacrament at Crathie, 1873', in S. J. Brown and G. Newlands (eds.), Scottish Christianity in the Modern World Scottish Christianity in the Modern World (Edinburgh, 2000), 177 - 96. (Edinburgh, 2000), 177 - 96.

52 A good treatment of the early connections is G. Johnson, 'British Social Democracy and Religion, 1881 - 1911', A good treatment of the early connections is G. Johnson, 'British Social Democracy and Religion, 1881 - 1911', JEH JEH, 51 (2000), 94-115.

53 R. Strong, R. Strong, Anglicanism and the British Empire c. 1700 -1850 Anglicanism and the British Empire c. 1700 -1850 (Oxford, 2007), 118 -19, 194-7, 211. On the post-1818 'Commissioners' Churches', M. H. Port, (Oxford, 2007), 118 -19, 194-7, 211. On the post-1818 'Commissioners' Churches', M. H. Port, Six Hundred New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818-1856 Six Hundred New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818-1856 (rev. edn, Reading, 2006). (rev. edn, Reading, 2006).

54 Extracts in Bettenson (ed.), 316-18. Extracts in Bettenson (ed.), 316-18.

55 A good introduction to Newman is I. Ker and T. Merrigan (eds.), A good introduction to Newman is I. Ker and T. Merrigan (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman (Cambridge, 2009). (Cambridge, 2009).

56 On the Non-Jurors, see pp. 734-5. A fine study of Non-Juror thought is C. D. A. Leighton, 'The Non-Jurors and Their History', On the Non-Jurors, see pp. 734-5. A fine study of Non-Juror thought is C. D. A. Leighton, 'The Non-Jurors and Their History', JRH JRH, 23 (2005), 241-57. The definitive study of the older High Church movement is P. Nockles, The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship, 1760-1857 The Oxford Movement in Context: Anglican High Churchmanship, 1760-1857 (Cambridge, 1994). (Cambridge, 1994).

57 G. Faber, G. Faber, Oxford Apostles: A Character Study of the Oxford Movement Oxford Apostles: A Character Study of the Oxford Movement (London, 1933) remains a sardonic masterpiece in its account of the Tractarians. (London, 1933) remains a sardonic masterpiece in its account of the Tractarians.

58 On the Thirty-Nine Articles, see p. 649: Newman's intellectual gymnastics in Tract XC can be savoured in A. O. J. c.o.c.kshut, On the Thirty-Nine Articles, see p. 649: Newman's intellectual gymnastics in Tract XC can be savoured in A. O. J. c.o.c.kshut, Religious Controversies of the Nineteenth Century: Selected Doc.u.ments Religious Controversies of the Nineteenth Century: Selected Doc.u.ments (London, 1966), 74-90. See Newman's protestations to his friend E. B. Pusey and to Bishop Bagot of Oxford, C. S. Dessain et al. (eds.), (London, 1966), 74-90. See Newman's protestations to his friend E. B. Pusey and to Bishop Bagot of Oxford, C. S. Dessain et al. (eds.), Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman (31 vols., Oxford, 1968 - 2006), VIII, 97, 100. (31 vols., Oxford, 1968 - 2006), VIII, 97, 100.

59 J. H. Newman, ed. M. J. Svaglic, J. H. Newman, ed. M. J. Svaglic, Apologia Pro Vita Sua Apologia Pro Vita Sua (Oxford, 1967; first published 1864), 136. On Newman's sneers, tantamount to anti-Semitism, both in (Oxford, 1967; first published 1864), 136. On Newman's sneers, tantamount to anti-Semitism, both in Apologia Apologia and in his correspondence at the time of the Jerusalem furore, see ibid., 133, and Dessain et al. (eds.), and in his correspondence at the time of the Jerusalem furore, see ibid., 133, and Dessain et al. (eds.), Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, VIII, 295, and cf. ibid., 299, 307, 314, 340.

60 Newman, ed. Svaglic, Newman, ed. Svaglic, Apologia Pro Vita Sua Apologia Pro Vita Sua, 133-5, 108. In 1841, two years later than the Monophysite insight, he was still publicly a.s.suring Bishop Bagot of his sense of 'inestimable privilege' in being a member of the Church of England: Dessain et al. (eds.), Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, VIII, 140. Unaccountably, this a.s.surance was not quoted in the Apologia Apologia.

61 A fine summary of the Gorham business is O. Chadwick, A fine summary of the Gorham business is O. Chadwick, The Victorian Church The Victorian Church (2 vols., 2nd edn, London, 1970-72), I, 250-71. For a previous messy case of 1844 involving Bishop Phillpotts which led to a schism in the other direction and the creation of a small Evangelical 'Free Church of England', see G. Carter, 'The Case of the Reverend James Sh.o.r.e', (2 vols., 2nd edn, London, 1970-72), I, 250-71. For a previous messy case of 1844 involving Bishop Phillpotts which led to a schism in the other direction and the creation of a small Evangelical 'Free Church of England', see G. Carter, 'The Case of the Reverend James Sh.o.r.e', JEH JEH, 47 (1996), 478 - 505.

62 On Manning and the London Dock Strike of 1889, see p. 826. On Manning and the London Dock Strike of 1889, see p. 826.

63 Ahlstrom, 625. Ahlstrom, 625.

64 A fine study is R. Mullin, 'Finding a s.p.a.ce, Defining a Voice: John Henry Hobart and the Americanization of Anglicanism', in M. Dutton and P. Gray (eds.), A fine study is R. Mullin, 'Finding a s.p.a.ce, Defining a Voice: John Henry Hobart and the Americanization of Anglicanism', in M. Dutton and P. Gray (eds.), One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism: Studies in Christian Ecclesiology One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism: Studies in Christian Ecclesiology (Grand Rapids, 2006), 129 - 43. (Grand Rapids, 2006), 129 - 43.

65 Breward, 101 - 2. Breward, 101 - 2.

66 On Bishop Colenso's other unconventional views, see pp. 883-4. On Bishop Colenso's other unconventional views, see pp. 883-4.

67 J. Kent, J. Kent, Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism (London, 1978), Ch. 8. (London, 1978), Ch. 8.

68 An empathetic though entertainingly clear-sighted study of the latter extreme and the permeable membrane between Rome and Anglo-Catholicism is M. Yelton, An empathetic though entertainingly clear-sighted study of the latter extreme and the permeable membrane between Rome and Anglo-Catholicism is M. Yelton, Anglican Papalism: An Ill.u.s.trated History 1900 - 1960 Anglican Papalism: An Ill.u.s.trated History 1900 - 1960 (Norwich, 2005). (Norwich, 2005).

69 The cla.s.sic study of this still often hotly denied nexus is D. Hilliard, 'UnEnglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and h.o.m.os.e.xuality', The cla.s.sic study of this still often hotly denied nexus is D. Hilliard, 'UnEnglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and h.o.m.os.e.xuality', Victorian Studies Victorian Studies, 25 (1982), 181 - 210.

70 P. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', in Hastings (ed.), 282-327, at 305. P. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', in Hastings (ed.), 282-327, at 305.

71 R. D. Crews, R. D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2006), esp. 33 - 4, 52 - 60, 67 - 71. On Peter the Great and confession, see p. 543. (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2006), esp. 33 - 4, 52 - 60, 67 - 71. On Peter the Great and confession, see p. 543.

72 Burleigh, 119 - 21. Burleigh, 119 - 21.

73 H. Ben-Itto, H. Ben-Itto, The Lie That Wouldn't Die: 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' The Lie That Wouldn't Die: 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' (London, 2005), esp. 21, 77 - 83, 125 - 6, 160. (London, 2005), esp. 21, 77 - 83, 125 - 6, 160.

74 Snyder, 25, 45. Snyder, 25, 45.

75 D. Beer, 'Russia in the Age of War and Revolution, 1880-1914', D. Beer, 'Russia in the Age of War and Revolution, 1880-1914', HJ HJ, 47 (2004), 1055-68, at 1056-7.

76 G. L. Freeze, 'Russian Orthodoxy: Church, People and Politics in Imperial Russia', in D. Lieven (ed.), G. L. Freeze, 'Russian Orthodoxy: Church, People and Politics in Imperial Russia', in D. Lieven (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia: II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 The Cambridge History of Russia: II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 (Cambridge, 2006), 284 - 305, at 298 - 9. (Cambridge, 2006), 284 - 305, at 298 - 9.

77 Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 299 - 300. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 299 - 300.

78 L. Manchester, L. Manchester, Holy Fathers, Secular Sons: Clergy, Intelligentsia and the Modern Self in Revolutionary Russia Holy Fathers, Secular Sons: Clergy, Intelligentsia and the Modern Self in Revolutionary Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2008), esp. Chs. 3, 4. (DeKalb, IL, 2008), esp. Chs. 3, 4.

79 S. Dixon, 'The Russian Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia 1721-1917', in Angold (ed.), 325 - 47, at 339. S. Dixon, 'The Russian Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia 1721-1917', in Angold (ed.), 325 - 47, at 339.

80 Burleigh, 299 - 305. Burleigh, 299 - 305.

81 J. Meyendorff, J. Meyendorff, Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the 14th Century Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the 14th Century (Cambridge, 1981), 25. (Cambridge, 1981), 25.

82 L. Murianka, 'Aleksei Khomiakov: A Study of the Interplay of Piety and Theology', in V. Tsurikov (ed.), L. Murianka, 'Aleksei Khomiakov: A Study of the Interplay of Piety and Theology', in V. Tsurikov (ed.), A. S. Khomiakov: Poet, Philosopher, Theologian A. S. Khomiakov: Poet, Philosopher, Theologian (Jordanville, NY, 2004), 20-37, at 34, and see also P. Valliere, 'The Modernity of Khomiakov', ibid., 129 - 44. (Jordanville, NY, 2004), 20-37, at 34, and see also P. Valliere, 'The Modernity of Khomiakov', ibid., 129 - 44.

83 See a fine study of St Petersburg parishes, J. Hedda, See a fine study of St Petersburg parishes, J. Hedda, His Kingdom Come: Orthodox Pastorship and Social Activism in Revolutionary Russia His Kingdom Come: Orthodox Pastorship and Social Activism in Revolutionary Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2008), esp. 145-52, and Ch. 8. (DeKalb, IL, 2008), esp. 145-52, and Ch. 8.

84 P. M. Kitromilides, 'Orthodoxy and the West: Reformation to Enlightenment', in Angold (ed.), 187-209, at 205. P. M. Kitromilides, 'Orthodoxy and the West: Reformation to Enlightenment', in Angold (ed.), 187-209, at 205.

85 Burleigh, 165-8. Burleigh, 165-8.

86 Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 305-6; P. M. Kitromilides, 'The Legacy of the French Revolution', in Angold (ed.), 229-75, at 242. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 305-6; P. M. Kitromilides, 'The Legacy of the French Revolution', in Angold (ed.), 229-75, at 242.

87 C. Finkel, C. Finkel, Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923 Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923 (London, 2005), 492-9. (London, 2005), 492-9.

88 N. Doumanis, 'Durable Empire: State Virtuosity and Social Accommodation in the Ottoman Mediterranean', N. Doumanis, 'Durable Empire: State Virtuosity and Social Accommodation in the Ottoman Mediterranean', HJ HJ, 49 (2006), 953 - 66, at 963 - 4; B. Clark, Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey (London, 2006), 7. (London, 2006), 7.

89 For the Kurdish ma.s.sacres, Baumer, 255-6; on Urfa and other 1890s ma.s.sacres, P. Balakian, For the Kurdish ma.s.sacres, Baumer, 255-6; on Urfa and other 1890s ma.s.sacres, P. Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide (London, 2004), Chs. 1 - 10 and esp. 113-15. (London, 2004), Chs. 1 - 10 and esp. 113-15.

90 From around 1800, there was something of an exception to this general att.i.tude among those interested in astronomy: R. Holmes, From around 1800, there was something of an exception to this general att.i.tude among those interested in astronomy: R. Holmes, The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science (London, 2008), esp. 163. (London, 2008), esp. 163.

91 M. J. S. Rudwick, M. J. S. Rudwick, Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution (Chicago and London, 2005), esp. 353 - 88, 403 - 15. (Chicago and London, 2005), esp. 353 - 88, 403 - 15.

92 J. A. Secord, J. A. Secord, Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception and Secret Authorship of Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago and London, 2001), 85, 96. C. Darwin, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago and London, 2001), 85, 96. C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection . . . On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection . . . (London, 1902; original publication 1859), 441. (London, 1902; original publication 1859), 441.

93 C. Darwin, C. Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to s.e.x The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to s.e.x (2 vols., London, 1871), II, 388, qu. A. Desmond and J. Moore, (2 vols., London, 1871), II, 388, qu. A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin's Sacred Cause: Race, Slavery and the Quest for Human Origins Darwin's Sacred Cause: Race, Slavery and the Quest for Human Origins (London, 2009), 367: Desmond and Moore provide an interesting study of Darwin as an enthusiastic abolitionist and, in Ch. 1, of his family's long-standing involvement in the cause. (London, 2009), 367: Desmond and Moore provide an interesting study of Darwin as an enthusiastic abolitionist and, in Ch. 1, of his family's long-standing involvement in the cause.

94 D. N. Livingstone and R. A. Wells, D. N. Livingstone and R. A. Wells, Ulster-American Religion: Episodes in the History of a Cultural Connection Ulster-American Religion: Episodes in the History of a Cultural Connection (Notre Dame, IN, 1999), 49. (Notre Dame, IN, 1999), 49.

95 Chadwick, Chadwick, The Victorian Church The Victorian Church, II, 23. For Chadwick's sensitive exploration of the contemporary impact of Darwin and of scientific discovery, see also O. Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1975), 161 - 88. (Cambridge, 1975), 161 - 88.

96 All previous imperfect English editions of this work, which was much revised in German in 1913, are superseded by A. Schweitzer, ed. J. Bowden, All previous imperfect English editions of this work, which was much revised in German in 1913, are superseded by A. Schweitzer, ed. J. Bowden, The Quest of the Historical Jesus The Quest of the Historical Jesus (London, 2000). (London, 2000).

97 D. Gange, 'Religion and Science in Late Nineteenth-century British Egyptology', D. Gange, 'Religion and Science in Late Nineteenth-century British Egyptology', HJ HJ, 49 (2006), 1083 - 104.

98 Memorandum to Ministerialdirektor Althoff, 1888, qu. W. H. C. Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century: Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930)', Memorandum to Ministerialdirektor Althoff, 1888, qu. W. H. C. Frend, 'Church Historians of the Early Twentieth Century: Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930)', JEH JEH, 52 (2001), 83-102, at 91.

99 Chadwick, Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century, Pt II.