58 R. L. Melammed, R. L. Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile (New York, 1999), Ch. 8, and 164. On the Morisco expulsions, B. Kaplan, (New York, 1999), Ch. 8, and 164. On the Morisco expulsions, B. Kaplan, Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 310. (Cambridge, MA, 2007), 310.

59 W. A. Christian, W. A. Christian, Local Religion in Sixteenth-century Spain Local Religion in Sixteenth-century Spain (Princeton, 1981); W. A. Christian, (Princeton, 1981); W. A. Christian, Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain (Princeton, 1981). (Princeton, 1981).

60 J. Arrizabalaga, J. Henderson and R. French, J. Arrizabalaga, J. Henderson and R. French, The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe The Great Pox: The French Disease in Renaissance Europe (New Haven and London, 1997), Chs. 1, 2. (New Haven and London, 1997), Chs. 1, 2.

61 From a sermon in the Florence Duomo in 1495: J. C. Olin (ed.), From a sermon in the Florence Duomo in 1495: J. C. Olin (ed.), The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola (New York, 1992), 12. The 'four things' appear to be the four results which Savonarola wished his sermon to achieve, set out in its opening words (cf. ibid., 4): understanding, confirmation for the convinced, conversion of the unconvinced and confusion for the stubborn. (New York, 1992), 12. The 'four things' appear to be the four results which Savonarola wished his sermon to achieve, set out in its opening words (cf. ibid., 4): understanding, confirmation for the convinced, conversion of the unconvinced and confusion for the stubborn.

62 For the role of Bartolomeo Scala as mouthpiece for this innovative self-justification, see D. Wootton, 'The True Origins of Republicanism: The Disciples of Baron and the Counter-example of Venturi', in M. Albertone (ed.), For the role of Bartolomeo Scala as mouthpiece for this innovative self-justification, see D. Wootton, 'The True Origins of Republicanism: The Disciples of Baron and the Counter-example of Venturi', in M. Albertone (ed.), Il repubblicanesimo moderno: l'idea di Repubblica nella riflessione storica di Franco Venturi Il repubblicanesimo moderno: l'idea di Repubblica nella riflessione storica di Franco Venturi (Naples, 2006), 271-304. (Naples, 2006), 271-304.

63 P. Macey, P. Macey, Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy (Oxford, 1998), esp. 157, 272 - 302. (Oxford, 1998), esp. 157, 272 - 302.

64 L. Polizzotto, L. Polizzotto, The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence, 1494-1545 The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence, 1494-1545 (Oxford, 1994). (Oxford, 1994).

65 J. W. O'Malley, J. W. O'Malley, The First Jesuits The First Jesuits (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 262; S. T. Strocchia, 'Savonarolan Witnesses: The Nuns of San Jacopo and the Piagnone Movement in 16th-century Florence', (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 262; S. T. Strocchia, 'Savonarolan Witnesses: The Nuns of San Jacopo and the Piagnone Movement in 16th-century Florence', SCJ SCJ, 38 (2007), 393-417, at 414.

66 M. Reeves, M. Reeves, Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period (Oxford, 1992), esp. essays by A. Morisi-Guera and J. M. Headley, 27-50 and 241-69. (Oxford, 1992), esp. essays by A. Morisi-Guera and J. M. Headley, 27-50 and 241-69.

67 There has been much modern embarra.s.sment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see sensible comment in J. Huizinga, There has been much modern embarra.s.sment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), 11-12, and from Geoffrey Nuttall, (London, 1952), 11-12, and from Geoffrey Nuttall, JEH JEH, 26 (1975), 403.

68 D. MacCulloch, 'Mary and Sixteenth-century Protestants', in R. N. Swanson (ed.), D. MacCulloch, 'Mary and Sixteenth-century Protestants', in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Church and Mary The Church and Mary ( (SCH, 39, 2004), 191-217.

69 L.-E. Halkin, L.-E. Halkin, Erasmus: A Critical Biography Erasmus: A Critical Biography (Oxford, 1993), 225: cf. (Oxford, 1993), 225: cf. Opera omnia Erasmi Roterodami Opera omnia Erasmi Roterodami (Amsterdam, 1969-), I, 146-7. For Protestant wriggles on this subject, see MacCulloch, 'Mary and Sixteenth-century Protestants', 211-14. (Amsterdam, 1969-), I, 146-7. For Protestant wriggles on this subject, see MacCulloch, 'Mary and Sixteenth-century Protestants', 211-14.

70 CWE CWE, x.x.xIX-XL: Colloquies Colloquies, ed. C. R. Thompson (2 vols., 1997), II, 628 - 9; I, 198-9.

71 On the precedent in Agricola, see A. Levi in On the precedent in Agricola, see A. Levi in JEH JEH, 34 (1983), 134.

72 For Erasmus's hard-headed att.i.tude to his English Church pension, surviving even Henry VIII's break with Rome, see D. MacCulloch, For Erasmus's hard-headed att.i.tude to his English Church pension, surviving even Henry VIII's break with Rome, see D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven and London, 1996), 98-9. (New Haven and London, 1996), 98-9.

73 P. S. Allen, H. M. Allen and H. W. Garrod (eds.), P. S. Allen, H. M. Allen and H. W. Garrod (eds.), Opus Epistolarum Des: Erasmi Roterodami . . . Opus Epistolarum Des: Erasmi Roterodami . . . (12 vols., Oxford, 1906-58), III, no. 858, l. 561, at p. 376. Cf. a similar more extended pa.s.sage in a letter to Servatius Rogerus in 1514, ibid., I, no. 296, ll. 70-88, at pp. 567-8. (12 vols., Oxford, 1906-58), III, no. 858, l. 561, at p. 376. Cf. a similar more extended pa.s.sage in a letter to Servatius Rogerus in 1514, ibid., I, no. 296, ll. 70-88, at pp. 567-8.

74 B. Bradshaw, 'Interpreting Erasmus', B. Bradshaw, 'Interpreting Erasmus', JEH JEH, 33 (1982), 596-610, at 597-601.

75 I Thessalonians 5.23: 'May the G.o.d of peace himself sanctify you wholly; and may your spirit and soul and body be kept sound and blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.' I Thessalonians 5.23: 'May the G.o.d of peace himself sanctify you wholly; and may your spirit and soul and body be kept sound and blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.'

76 CWE CWE, LXVI: Spiritualia: Enchiridion; De Contemptu Mundi; De Vidua Christiana Spiritualia: Enchiridion; De Contemptu Mundi; De Vidua Christiana, ed. J. W. O'Malley (1988), 3, 34, 51, 69, 108, 127.

77 A. G.o.din, A. G.o.din, Erasme lecteur d'Origene Erasme lecteur d'Origene (Geneva, 1982), esp. 21-32, 34-43, 372-96, 511-21, 680-83. Quotation: Erasmus to Eck, 15 May 1518, Allen et al. (eds.), (Geneva, 1982), esp. 21-32, 34-43, 372-96, 511-21, 680-83. Quotation: Erasmus to Eck, 15 May 1518, Allen et al. (eds.), Opus Erasmi Epistolarum Opus Erasmi Epistolarum, III, no. 844, ll. 252-4, at p. 337 [my translation]. It was only just over a year before Johann Eck would achieve particular celebrity as a tormentor of Martin Luther in their confrontation at Leipzig which provoked Luther's excommunication: see MacCulloch, 127.

78 In the full form allowed into the Authorized Version of 1611, the pa.s.sage reads, 'For there are three that bear record [in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth], the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.' Square brackets enclose the text now generally rejected by scholarship. In the full form allowed into the Authorized Version of 1611, the pa.s.sage reads, 'For there are three that bear record [in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth], the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.' Square brackets enclose the text now generally rejected by scholarship.

79 S. D. Sn.o.belen, ' "To us there is but one G.o.d, the Father": Ant.i.trinitarian Textual Criticism in Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-century England', in Hessayon and Keene (eds.), 116-36, at 117-18. On Hilary and the 'Macedonians', see pp. 219-20. M. A. Screech, S. D. Sn.o.belen, ' "To us there is but one G.o.d, the Father": Ant.i.trinitarian Textual Criticism in Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-century England', in Hessayon and Keene (eds.), 116-36, at 117-18. On Hilary and the 'Macedonians', see pp. 219-20. M. A. Screech, Laughter at the Foot of the Cross Laughter at the Foot of the Cross (London, 1997), is a magnificent study with Erasmus's sense of humour and irony at its heart. (London, 1997), is a magnificent study with Erasmus's sense of humour and irony at its heart.

17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon a.s.serted in 1546 that they were indeed, but that is the earliest explicit statement, and from just after Luther's death. M. Brecht, Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon a.s.serted in 1546 that they were indeed, but that is the earliest explicit statement, and from just after Luther's death. M. Brecht, Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483-1521 Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483-1521 (Philadelphia, 1985), 200-202, weighs the question with Teutonic thoroughness, and his cautiously positive conclusion is probably the best that we can do: the nailing on the door took place, but probably later than 31 October. (Philadelphia, 1985), 200-202, weighs the question with Teutonic thoroughness, and his cautiously positive conclusion is probably the best that we can do: the nailing on the door took place, but probably later than 31 October.

2 E. Rummel, E. Rummel, The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany (Oxford, 2000), 19. (Oxford, 2000), 19.

3 Some may consider this an understatement, but see a wise little essay by A. G. d.i.c.kens, 'Luther and the Humanists', in P. Mack and M. C. Jacob (eds.), Some may consider this an understatement, but see a wise little essay by A. G. d.i.c.kens, 'Luther and the Humanists', in P. Mack and M. C. Jacob (eds.), Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of H. G. Koenigsberger Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of H. G. Koenigsberger (Cambridge, 1987), 199-213, repr. in A. G. d.i.c.kens, (Cambridge, 1987), 199-213, repr. in A. G. d.i.c.kens, Late Monasticism and the Reformation Late Monasticism and the Reformation (London and Rio Grande, 1994), 87-100. (London and Rio Grande, 1994), 87-100.

4 G. L. Bruns, G. L. Bruns, Hermeneutics Ancient and Modern Hermeneutics Ancient and Modern (New Haven and London, 1992), 139-40. (New Haven and London, 1992), 139-40.

5 R. Marius, R. Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between G.o.d and Death Martin Luther: The Christian between G.o.d and Death (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1999), Chs. 6, 7, esp. at 108. For the text, see W. Pauck (ed.), (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1999), Chs. 6, 7, esp. at 108. For the text, see W. Pauck (ed.), Luther: Lectures on Romans Luther: Lectures on Romans (Philadelphia and London: Library of Christian Cla.s.sics 15, 1956). (Philadelphia and London: Library of Christian Cla.s.sics 15, 1956).

6 Abridged version in G. Rupp and B. Drewery (eds.), Abridged version in G. Rupp and B. Drewery (eds.), Martin Luther Martin Luther (London, 1970), 5-7. (London, 1970), 5-7.

7 The Vulgate Latin of the pa.s.sage is ' The Vulgate Latin of the pa.s.sage is 'Just.i.tia enim dei in eo revelatur ex fide in fidem: sicut scriptum est, "Iustus autem ex fide vivit"'. Compare E. P. Sanders's construction of the verb 'righteoused': see pp. 100-101.

8 M. Brecht, M. Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation 1521-1532 Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation 1521-1532 (Minneapolis, 1990), 378-9; cf. 395-6. (Minneapolis, 1990), 378-9; cf. 395-6.

9 C. M. Koslofsky, C. M. Koslofsky, The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany 1450-1700 The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany 1450-1700 (Basingstoke, 2000), 34-9. (Basingstoke, 2000), 34-9.

10 See other examples in Naphy (ed.), 11-12. See other examples in Naphy (ed.), 11-12.

11 R. L. Williams, 'Martin Cellarius and the Reformation in Strasburg', R. L. Williams, 'Martin Cellarius and the Reformation in Strasburg', JEH JEH, 32 (1981), 477-98, at 490-91.

12 B. A. Felmberg, B. A. Felmberg, Die Abla.s.stheologie Kardijnal Cajetans (1469-1534) Die Abla.s.stheologie Kardijnal Cajetans (1469-1534) (Leiden, 1998), esp. 183-6, 312-27, 387-400. (Leiden, 1998), esp. 183-6, 312-27, 387-400.

13 The Freedom of a Christian The Freedom of a Christian: J. Pelikan and H. T. Lehmann (eds.), Luther's Works Luther's Works (55 vols. and 1 companion vol., Philadelphia and St Louis, 1958-86), x.x.xI, 344. (55 vols. and 1 companion vol., Philadelphia and St Louis, 1958-86), x.x.xI, 344.

14 E. Wolgast, E. Wolgast, Die Wittenberger Luther-Ausgabe: zur uberlieferungsgeschichte der Werke Luthers im 16.Jahrhundert Die Wittenberger Luther-Ausgabe: zur uberlieferungsgeschichte der Werke Luthers im 16.Jahrhundert (Nieuwkoop, 1971), col. 122. For the speech, Rupp and Drewery (eds.), (Nieuwkoop, 1971), col. 122. For the speech, Rupp and Drewery (eds.), Martin Luther Martin Luther, 58-60.

15 For (perhaps Evangelically indulgent) treatment of examples of the ways in which Luther pushed the Bible's meaning towards his own priorities, see M. D. Thompson, For (perhaps Evangelically indulgent) treatment of examples of the ways in which Luther pushed the Bible's meaning towards his own priorities, see M. D. Thompson, A Sure Ground on Which to Stand: The Relation of Authority and Interpretive Method in Luther's Approach to Scripture A Sure Ground on Which to Stand: The Relation of Authority and Interpretive Method in Luther's Approach to Scripture (Carlisle, 2004), esp. 112-46, 235-9. (Carlisle, 2004), esp. 112-46, 235-9.

16 J. I. Packer and O. R. Johnston (eds.), J. I. Packer and O. R. Johnston (eds.), Martin Luther: The Bondage of the Will Martin Luther: The Bondage of the Will (London, 1957), 318; (London, 1957), 318; D. Martin Luthers Werke D. Martin Luthers Werke (The (The Weimarer Ausgabe Weimarer Ausgabe: Weimar, 1883-), XVIII, 786.

17 CWE CWE, LXVI: Hyperaspistes Hyperaspistes, in Controversies Controversies, ed. C. Trinkaus (1999), 117.

18 Melanchthon's surname is an example of the Renaissance convention by which scholarly clerics and academics often adopted Latinized or cod-Greek names from their place of origin, like Johannes Pomera.n.u.s ('the Pomeranian') for Johann Bugenhagen, or as translations of their ordinary surname, like Johannes Oecolampadius for Johann Hussgen ('John House-Lamp'!). Melanchthon translates the German surname 'Schwarzerd' - 'black earth'. Melanchthon's surname is an example of the Renaissance convention by which scholarly clerics and academics often adopted Latinized or cod-Greek names from their place of origin, like Johannes Pomera.n.u.s ('the Pomeranian') for Johann Bugenhagen, or as translations of their ordinary surname, like Johannes Oecolampadius for Johann Hussgen ('John House-Lamp'!). Melanchthon translates the German surname 'Schwarzerd' - 'black earth'.

19 N. Davies, N. Davies, G.o.d's Playground: A History of Poland. 1: The Origins to 1795 G.o.d's Playground: A History of Poland. 1: The Origins to 1795 (Oxford, 1981), 143; H. Bornkamm, (Oxford, 1981), 143; H. Bornkamm, Luther in Mid-career 1521-1530 Luther in Mid-career 1521-1530 (London, 1983), Ch. 12. (London, 1983), Ch. 12.

20 Benedict, 17. Benedict, 17.

21 M. Aston, M. Aston, England's Iconoclasts: 1. Laws against Images England's Iconoclasts: 1. Laws against Images (Oxford, 1988), 39-43, 378-9; S. Michalski, (Oxford, 1988), 39-43, 378-9; S. Michalski, The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe (London, 1993), 19, 29, 176. (London, 1993), 19, 29, 176.

22 K. H. Marcus, 'Hymnody and Hymnals in Basel, 1526-1606', K. H. Marcus, 'Hymnody and Hymnals in Basel, 1526-1606', SCJ SCJ, 32 (2001), 723-42, 731 - 2.

23 Benedict, 65-6. Benedict, 65-6.

24 L. Harder, L. Harder, The Sources of Swiss Anabaptism: The Grebel Letters and Related Doc.u.ments The Sources of Swiss Anabaptism: The Grebel Letters and Related Doc.u.ments (Scottdale, PA, 1985), [no. 63], 290. (Scottdale, PA, 1985), [no. 63], 290.

25 The best brief account of Munster is still N. Cohn, The best brief account of Munster is still N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1970 edn), 252-80. (London, 1970 edn), 252-80.

26 An enormous amount of valuable information on radicalism is contained in G. H. Williams, An enormous amount of valuable information on radicalism is contained in G. H. Williams, The Radical Reformation The Radical Reformation (London, 1962). His categorization of different sorts of radicalism (ibid., xxiv-x.x.xi and (London, 1962). His categorization of different sorts of radicalism (ibid., xxiv-x.x.xi and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim) has not stood the test of time as well and I adopt my own approach. Another attempt at a.n.a.lysis is H. J. Hillerbrand (ed.), 'Radicalism in the Early Reformation: Varieties of Reformation in Church and Society', in Hillerbrand (ed.), Radical Tendencies in the Reformation: Divergent Perspectives Radical Tendencies in the Reformation: Divergent Perspectives ( (SCES, 9, 1988), 25-41.

27 E. Fulton, E. Fulton, Catholic Belief and Survival in Late Sixteenth-century Vienna: The Case of Georg Eder (1523-87) Catholic Belief and Survival in Late Sixteenth-century Vienna: The Case of Georg Eder (1523-87) (Aldershot, 2007), Ch. 1; M. A. Chisholm, 'The (Aldershot, 2007), Ch. 1; M. A. Chisholm, 'The Religionspolitik Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521-1564): Tyrol and the Holy Roman Empire', of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521-1564): Tyrol and the Holy Roman Empire', European History Quarterly European History Quarterly, 38 (2008), 551-77, at 561-5.

28 On Anne's evangelical views, see E. W. Ives, On Anne's evangelical views, see E. W. Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Oxford, 2004), Ch. 19, which is a knockout response to G. W. Bernard, 'Anne Boleyn's Religion', (Oxford, 2004), Ch. 19, which is a knockout response to G. W. Bernard, 'Anne Boleyn's Religion', HJ HJ, 36 (1993), 1-20.

29 Thomas Cromwell has often been caricatured as an amoral pantomime villain, the most egregious recent example being the biography by R. Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell has often been caricatured as an amoral pantomime villain, the most egregious recent example being the biography by R. Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII's Most Notorious Minister Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII's Most Notorious Minister (London, 2007). For evidence that he displayed evangelical principle to a reckless extent and acted on it in influencing foreign policy, showing an ideological commitment which may explain his eventual fall, see D. MacCulloch, 'Heinrich Bullinger and the English-speaking World', in P. Opitz and E. Campi (eds.), (London, 2007). For evidence that he displayed evangelical principle to a reckless extent and acted on it in influencing foreign policy, showing an ideological commitment which may explain his eventual fall, see D. MacCulloch, 'Heinrich Bullinger and the English-speaking World', in P. Opitz and E. Campi (eds.), Heinrich Bullinger: Life-Thought-Influence Heinrich Bullinger: Life-Thought-Influence (2 vols., (2 vols., Zurcher Beitrage zur Reformationsgeschichte Zurcher Beitrage zur Reformationsgeschichte 24, 2006), II, 891-934, at 892-909. 24, 2006), II, 891-934, at 892-909.

30 Gen. 3.6-7, qu. D. Daniell, Gen. 3.6-7, qu. D. Daniell, William Tyndale: A Biography William Tyndale: A Biography (New Haven and London, 1994), 286, and the Deuteronomy prologue qu. ibid., 288. Daniell's is a uniquely sensitive portrait. (New Haven and London, 1994), 286, and the Deuteronomy prologue qu. ibid., 288. Daniell's is a uniquely sensitive portrait.

31 D. Daniell, 'William Tyndale, the English Bible and the English Language', in O. O'Sullivan (ed.), D. Daniell, 'William Tyndale, the English Bible and the English Language', in O. O'Sullivan (ed.), The Bible as Book: The Reformation The Bible as Book: The Reformation (London, 2000), 39-50, at 47. (London, 2000), 39-50, at 47.

32 Daniell, Daniell, William Tyndale William Tyndale, 1.

33 The definitive study of this often-neglected second phase is A. Kreider, The definitive study of this often-neglected second phase is A. Kreider, English Chantries: The Road to Dissolution English Chantries: The Road to Dissolution (Cambridge, MA, 1979), while the best survey of the dissolution remains D. Knowles, (Cambridge, MA, 1979), while the best survey of the dissolution remains D. Knowles, Bare Ruined Choirs: The Dissolution of the English Monasteries Bare Ruined Choirs: The Dissolution of the English Monasteries (Cambridge, 1976). (Cambridge, 1976).

34 The best introduction to Henry VIII's reformation is R. Rex, The best introduction to Henry VIII's reformation is R. Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation Henry VIII and the English Reformation (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2006). See also D. MacCulloch, (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2006). See also D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life Thomas Cranmer: A Life (London and New Haven, 1996), Chs. 3-9. (London and New Haven, 1996), Chs. 3-9.

35 See various essays in Opitz and Campi (eds.), See various essays in Opitz and Campi (eds.), Heinrich Bullinger Heinrich Bullinger, esp. II, 755-820, 891-950. On marriage, C. Euler, 'Practical Piety: Bullinger's Marriage Theory as a Skilful Blending of Theory and Praxis', ibid., II, 661-70.

36 L. J. Abray, 'Confession, Conscience and Honour: The Limits of Magisterial Tolerance in 16th Century Stra.s.sburg', in O. Grell and B. Scribner (eds.), L. J. Abray, 'Confession, Conscience and Honour: The Limits of Magisterial Tolerance in 16th Century Stra.s.sburg', in O. Grell and B. Scribner (eds.), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (Cambridge, 1996), 94-107. (Cambridge, 1996), 94-107.

37 MacCulloch, 227-9, 270-71. MacCulloch, 227-9, 270-71.

38 The Schmalkaldic League had been named after the small town of Schmalkalden where the Lutheran princes and cities had reached their agreement in 1531 after Charles V had rejected their Confession at the Augsburg Diet in 1530. The Schmalkaldic League had been named after the small town of Schmalkalden where the Lutheran princes and cities had reached their agreement in 1531 after Charles V had rejected their Confession at the Augsburg Diet in 1530.

39 MacCulloch, MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cranmer, Chs. 9-11.

40 'Death us do part' was 'death us depart' when Cranmer wrote it, but the phrase has effortlessly survived the changing meaning of 'depart'. 'Death us do part' was 'death us depart' when Cranmer wrote it, but the phrase has effortlessly survived the changing meaning of 'depart'.

41 The Gelasian original and Cranmer's version are helpfully laid side by side in F. E. Brightman (ed.), The Gelasian original and Cranmer's version are helpfully laid side by side in F. E. Brightman (ed.), The English Rite The English Rite (2 vols., London, 1915), I, 164. (2 vols., London, 1915), I, 164.

42 The common image of Edward as a sickly youth is a lazy back-projection from his final illness, which was probably pneumonia. For correctives, see D. MacCulloch, The common image of Edward as a sickly youth is a lazy back-projection from his final illness, which was probably pneumonia. For correctives, see D. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (London, 1999), esp. Ch. 1. (London, 1999), esp. Ch. 1.

43 A fine overview of these extraordinary events, much stranger than they appear in previous historiography, is E. Ives, A fine overview of these extraordinary events, much stranger than they appear in previous historiography, is E. Ives, Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery (Oxford, 2009). (Oxford, 2009).

44 Of all the many lives of Calvin, one of the most currently fresh and interesting is B. Cottret, Of all the many lives of Calvin, one of the most currently fresh and interesting is B. Cottret, Calvin: A Biography Calvin: A Biography (Grand Rapids and Edinburgh, 2000). (Grand Rapids and Edinburgh, 2000).

45 The background and excerpted text of the The background and excerpted text of the Ordinances Ordinances are helpfully presented in G. R. Potter and M. Greengra.s.s (eds.), are helpfully presented in G. R. Potter and M. Greengra.s.s (eds.), John Calvin: Doc.u.ments of Modern History John Calvin: Doc.u.ments of Modern History (London, 1983), 69-76. (London, 1983), 69-76.

46 For the arrangements which Calvin made for support of poor exiles, see J. E. Olson, For the arrangements which Calvin made for support of poor exiles, see J. E. Olson, Calvin and Social Welfare: Deacons and the Calvin and Social Welfare: Deacons and the Bourse francaise (Selinsgrove, 1989), esp. 161-83. Bourse francaise (Selinsgrove, 1989), esp. 161-83.

47 For further discussion of the Servetus episode, see MacCulloch, 244-6. For further discussion of the Servetus episode, see MacCulloch, 244-6.

48 The standard English edition of the final text is J. Calvin, ed. J. T. McNeill and F. L. Battles, The standard English edition of the final text is J. Calvin, ed. J. T. McNeill and F. L. Battles, Inst.i.tutes of the Christian Religion Inst.i.tutes of the Christian Religion (2 vols., Philadelphia: Library of Christian Cla.s.sics XX, XXI, 1960). (2 vols., Philadelphia: Library of Christian Cla.s.sics XX, XXI, 1960).

49 Cf. J. Calvin, ed. F. L. Battles, Cf. J. Calvin, ed. F. L. Battles, Inst.i.tutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 Edition Inst.i.tutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 Edition (London, 1975), 15, with Calvin, ed. McNeill and Battles, (London, 1975), 15, with Calvin, ed. McNeill and Battles, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes, II, 35 [Inst.i.tutes I.i.1]. I.i.1].

50 Commentary on Isaiah Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu. Potter and Greengra.s.s (ed.), (published 1551), 211, qu. Potter and Greengra.s.s (ed.), Calvin Calvin, 36. On ubiquity, Calvin, ed. McNeill and Battles, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes, II, 1379-1403 [Inst.i.tutes IV.xvii.16 - 31]. IV.xvii.16 - 31].

51 The key discussion here is Calvin, ed. McNeill and Battles, The key discussion here is Calvin, ed. McNeill and Battles, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes, II, 1379-1411 [Inst.i.tutes IV.xvii.16-34]. IV.xvii.16-34].

52 Usefully discussed in P. Rorem, 'Calvin and Bullinger on the Lord's Supper', Usefully discussed in P. Rorem, 'Calvin and Bullinger on the Lord's Supper', Lutheran Quarterly Lutheran Quarterly, 2 (1988), 155-84, 357-89.

53 For discussion of this development, see MacCulloch, 350-53. For discussion of this development, see MacCulloch, 350-53.

54 H. P. Louthan, 'Irenicism in the Confessional Age: The Holy Roman Empire, 1563- 1648', in Louthan and R. C. Zachman (eds.), H. P. Louthan, 'Irenicism in the Confessional Age: The Holy Roman Empire, 1563- 1648', in Louthan and R. C. Zachman (eds.), Conciliation and Confession: The Struggle for Unity in the Age of Reform, 1415-1648 Conciliation and Confession: The Struggle for Unity in the Age of Reform, 1415-1648 (Notre Dame, IN, 2004), 228-85. (Notre Dame, IN, 2004), 228-85.

55 L. D. Bierma, L. D. Bierma, The Doctrine of the Sacraments in the Heidelberg Catechism: Melanchthonian, Calvinist, or Zwinglian? The Doctrine of the Sacraments in the Heidelberg Catechism: Melanchthonian, Calvinist, or Zwinglian? ( (Studies in Reformed Theology and History, new ser., 4, 1999). The odd t.i.tle of the Palatinate came from the fact that its ruler had originally been a major official in the imperial palace, and his leading position had led to him becoming one of the seven electors of the empire.

56 See conflicting etymologies in Benedict, 80, 143. On the French Wars of Religion, see pp. 675-7. See conflicting etymologies in Benedict, 80, 143. On the French Wars of Religion, see pp. 675-7.

57 A superb study of Scottish Reformation society is M. Todd, A superb study of Scottish Reformation society is M. Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (New Haven and London, 2002). (New Haven and London, 2002).

58 For discussion and narrative on Elizabethan England, see D. MacCulloch, For discussion and narrative on Elizabethan England, see D. MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603 The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603 (rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001). The word 'Puritan' had originally been a term of abuse - (rev. edn, Basingstoke, 2001). The word 'Puritan' had originally been a term of abuse - puritani puritani - applied to the twelfth-century Cathars, another word meaning 'pure'. - applied to the twelfth-century Cathars, another word meaning 'pure'.

59 On confessionalization, see H. Schilling, On confessionalization, see H. Schilling, Religion, Political Culture and the Emergence of Early Modern Society Religion, Political Culture and the Emergence of Early Modern Society (Leiden, 1992); for many of the texts, M. A. Noll (ed.), (Leiden, 1992); for many of the texts, M. A. Noll (ed.), Confessions and Catechisms of the Reformation Confessions and Catechisms of the Reformation (Leicester, 1991). (Leicester, 1991).

60 I. Saulle Hippenmeyer, I. Saulle Hippenmeyer, Nachbarschaft, Pfarrei und Gemeinde in Graubunden 1400-1600 Nachbarschaft, Pfarrei und Gemeinde in Graubunden 1400-1600 (2 vols., Chur, 1997), esp. I, 171-82. For similar complicated arrangements in the Swiss Thurgau, see R. C. Head, 'Fragmented Dominion, Fragmented Churches: The Inst.i.tutionalization of the (2 vols., Chur, 1997), esp. I, 171-82. For similar complicated arrangements in the Swiss Thurgau, see R. C. Head, 'Fragmented Dominion, Fragmented Churches: The Inst.i.tutionalization of the Landfrieden Landfrieden in the Thurgau, 1531-1610', in the Thurgau, 1531-1610', ARG ARG, 96 (2005), 117-45.

61 Qu. G. Murdock, Qu. G. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier 1600-1660: International Calvinism and the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania Calvinism on the Frontier 1600-1660: International Calvinism and the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania (Oxford, 2000), 110, and see discussion, ibid., 15-16, 19-20; Murdock now provides the definitive account of the Transylvanian Reformation; and I must also acknowledge my grat.i.tude to him and Andrew Spicer for our informed and enjoyable tours of Transylvanian churches. (Oxford, 2000), 110, and see discussion, ibid., 15-16, 19-20; Murdock now provides the definitive account of the Transylvanian Reformation; and I must also acknowledge my grat.i.tude to him and Andrew Spicer for our informed and enjoyable tours of Transylvanian churches.

62 Davies, Davies, G.o.d's Playground G.o.d's Playground, 183. An excellent overview is G. H. Williams, 'Protestants in the Ukraine during the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', Harvard Ukrainian Studies Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2 (1978), 41-72.

63 Naphy (ed.), 105-9, for the debates of the Synod of Iwie (now Ivye in Belarus), 1568. Naphy (ed.), 105-9, for the debates of the Synod of Iwie (now Ivye in Belarus), 1568.

64 S. Berti, 'Erudition and Religion in the Judeo-Christian Encounter: The Significance of the Karaite myth in 17th-century Europe', S. Berti, 'Erudition and Religion in the Judeo-Christian Encounter: The Significance of the Karaite myth in 17th-century Europe', Hebraic Political Studies Hebraic Political Studies, 1 (2005), 110-20, at 112.

65 Williams, Williams, The Radical Reformation The Radical Reformation, 737, slightly altered.

66 The t.i.tle of a book by J. Tazbir, The t.i.tle of a book by J. Tazbir, A State without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries A State without Stakes: Polish Religious Toleration in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1973). For exceptions to the generalization, Davies, (New York, 1973). For exceptions to the generalization, Davies, G.o.d's Playground G.o.d's Playground, 187-8.

67 Benedict, 224. Benedict, 224.

68 Hope, 148 - 9, 165 - 6, 256-6. On Luther's image, R. W. Scribner, 'Incombustible Luther: The Image of the Reformer in Early Modern Germany', Hope, 148 - 9, 165 - 6, 256-6. On Luther's image, R. W. Scribner, 'Incombustible Luther: The Image of the Reformer in Early Modern Germany', PP PP, 110 (February 1986), 38-68, repr. in R. W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London, 1987), 323-53. (London, 1987), 323-53.

69 For a more extended account of the British crisis of the early seventeenth century, see MacCulloch, Ch. 12. For a more extended account of the British crisis of the early seventeenth century, see MacCulloch, Ch. 12.

70 On the 1590 address, A. R. MacDonald, 'James VI and I, the Church of Scotland, and British Ecclesiastical Convergence', On the 1590 address, A. R. MacDonald, 'James VI and I, the Church of Scotland, and British Ecclesiastical Convergence', HJ HJ, 48 (2005), 885-904,at 886-7.James's apparent invention of the word 'Anglican' in 1598 is to be found in D. Calderwood, History of the Church of Scotland by Mr. D. Calderwood History of the Church of Scotland by Mr. D. Calderwood, ed. T. Thomson (Wodrow Society, 1842-9), V, p. 694.

71 On the separate story of Dutch Arminianism, see pp. 779-80,and MacCulloch, 373-8. On the separate story of Dutch Arminianism, see pp. 779-80,and MacCulloch, 373-8.

72 James's organization of Scots settlement in Ulster (see pp. 756-7)was certainly another of his achievements, but it might be considered somewhat more ambiguous in its consequences. James's organization of Scots settlement in Ulster (see pp. 756-7)was certainly another of his achievements, but it might be considered somewhat more ambiguous in its consequences.

73 A fine account is A. Nicolson, A fine account is A. Nicolson, Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible (London, 2003). (London, 2003).

74 J. Morrill, 'A British Patriarchy? Ecclesiastical Imperialism under the early Stuarts', in A. Fletcher and P. Roberts (eds.), J. Morrill, 'A British Patriarchy? Ecclesiastical Imperialism under the early Stuarts', in A. Fletcher and P. Roberts (eds.), Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson (Cambridge, 1994), 209-37. (Cambridge, 1994), 209-37.

75 J. Peacey, 'The Paranoid Prelate: Archbishop Laud and the Puritan Plot', in B. Coward and J. Swann (eds.), J. Peacey, 'The Paranoid Prelate: Archbishop Laud and the Puritan Plot', in B. Coward and J. Swann (eds.), Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe: From the Waldensians to the French Revolution Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe: From the Waldensians to the French Revolution (Aldershot, 2004), 113-34. (Aldershot, 2004), 113-34.

76 A. Ford, A. Ford, James Ussher: Theology, History, and Politics in Early Modern Ireland and England James Ussher: Theology, History, and Politics in Early Modern Ireland and England (Oxford, 2007), 175-207, 282-4. (Oxford, 2007), 175-207, 282-4.