48 Ostrowski, Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols Muscovy and the Mongols, 226-7.

49 Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 292. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 292.

50 D. Goldfrank, 'Recentering Nil Sorskii: The Evidence from the Sources', D. Goldfrank, 'Recentering Nil Sorskii: The Evidence from the Sources', Russian Review Russian Review, 66 (2007), 359-76. Note in particular Goldfrank's reminder that there is no positive evidence of any debate on monastic wealth in a 'Council of Moscow' in 1503, or that Nil addressed such a council: ibid., 360n.

51 Ibid., 362, 375-6. Ibid., 362, 375-6.

52 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 259-60. On the Judaizers, see also G. H. Williams, 'Protestants in the Ukraine during the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 259-60. On the Judaizers, see also G. H. Williams, 'Protestants in the Ukraine during the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', Harvard Ukrainian Studies Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2 (1978), 41-72, at 46-56.

53 Goldfrank, 'Recentering Nil Sorskii', 367. Goldfrank, 'Recentering Nil Sorskii', 367.

54 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 257; Husband, 'Looking Backward, Looking Forward', 197. Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 257; Husband, 'Looking Backward, Looking Forward', 197.

55 Ivanov, Ivanov, Holy Fools Holy Fools, 277-9, 303-10. The common usage of St Basil's name for the Cathedral of the Intercession is as recent as the Soviet years, when the shrine of St Basil was the only part of the building which remained in use for worship for any length of time after the 1917 Revolution.

56 The Russian word The Russian word grozny grozny would better be translated 'awe-inspiring' or 'formidable', but the traditional English usage probably conveys more about the real Ivan, besides being more picturesque. would better be translated 'awe-inspiring' or 'formidable', but the traditional English usage probably conveys more about the real Ivan, besides being more picturesque.

57 For this and what follows, I. de Madariaga, For this and what follows, I. de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Terrible (New Haven and London, 2005), Chs. 3-6. (New Haven and London, 2005), Chs. 3-6.

58 F. J. Thomson, 'The Legacy of SS. Cyril and Methodios in the Counter-Reformation', in E. Konstantinou (ed.), F. J. Thomson, 'The Legacy of SS. Cyril and Methodios in the Counter-Reformation', in E. Konstantinou (ed.), Methodios und Kyrillos in ihrer europaischen Dimension Methodios und Kyrillos in ihrer europaischen Dimension (Frankfurt am Main and Oxford, 2005), 85-247, at 126-7. On the Council of Trent, see pp. 664-8. (Frankfurt am Main and Oxford, 2005), 85-247, at 126-7. On the Council of Trent, see pp. 664-8.

59 de Madariaga, de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Terrible, 293. She rejects the idea that Ivan was illiterate: ibid., 44.

60 Ibid., 382. Ibid., 382.

61 Ostrowski, Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols Muscovy and the Mongols, 239, 241: quotation slightly altered.

62 Snyder, 106-7. Snyder, 106-7.

63 Magocsi, Magocsi, A History of Ukraine A History of Ukraine, 164. See also B. A. Gudziak, Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest (Cambridge, MA, 1998). (Cambridge, MA, 1998).

64 Snyder, 123. Snyder, 123.

65 Magocsi, Magocsi, A History of Ukraine A History of Ukraine, 166.

66 N. Davies, N. Davies, G.o.d's Playground: A History of Poland. 1: The Origins to 1795 G.o.d's Playground: A History of Poland. 1: The Origins to 1795 (Oxford, 1981), 174-5; J. Kloczowski, (Oxford, 1981), 174-5; J. Kloczowski, A History of Polish Christianity A History of Polish Christianity (Cambridge, 2000), 118. (Cambridge, 2000), 118.

67 H. Louthan, 'Mediating Confessions in Central Europe: The Ec.u.menical Activity of Valerian Magni, 1586-1661', H. Louthan, 'Mediating Confessions in Central Europe: The Ec.u.menical Activity of Valerian Magni, 1586-1661', JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 681-99, at 694.

68 Ibid., 696. Ibid., 696.

69 L. M. Charipova, 'Peter Mohyla's Translation of L. M. Charipova, 'Peter Mohyla's Translation of The Imitation of Christ The Imitation of Christ', HJ HJ, 46 (2003), 237 - 61.

70 L. M. Charipova, L. M. Charipova, Latin Books and the Eastern Orthodox Clerical Elite in Kiev, 1632- 1780 Latin Books and the Eastern Orthodox Clerical Elite in Kiev, 1632- 1780 (Manchester, 2006), esp. Ch. 4. (Manchester, 2006), esp. Ch. 4.

71 S. Plokhy, S. Plokhy, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine (Oxford, 2002), esp. Ch. 2. (Oxford, 2002), esp. Ch. 2.

72 Snyder, 112-17; R. Crummey, 'Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the Age of the Counter-Reformation', in Angold (ed.), 302-24, at 323. Snyder, 112-17; R. Crummey, 'Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the Age of the Counter-Reformation', in Angold (ed.), 302-24, at 323.

73 Snyder, 118-19. Snyder, 118-19.

74 Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 296. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', 296.

75 Stringer, 199-200. Stringer, 199-200.

76 R. O. Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', in J. D. Tracy and M. Ragnow (eds.), R. O. Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', in J. D. Tracy and M. Ragnow (eds.), Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia and the West Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia and the West (Cambridge, 2004), 52-79. (Cambridge, 2004), 52-79.

77 For Havvak.u.m's autobiography, see K. N. Bostrom (tr.), For Havvak.u.m's autobiography, see K. N. Bostrom (tr.), Archpriest Avvak.u.m: The Life Written by Himself Archpriest Avvak.u.m: The Life Written by Himself (Ann Arbor, 1979). I have consulted the version at (Ann Arbor, 1979). I have consulted the version at http://www.swentelomania.be/avvak.u.m/frames.html.

78 On the carnival equipment and the bears, see Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', 60. On the carnival equipment and the bears, see Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', 60.

79 J. Cracraft, J. Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, 2004), 40-41, 259-60, 267, 276-83, 293-300. (Cambridge, 2004), 40-41, 259-60, 267, 276-83, 293-300.

80 A recent learned and ingenious attempt to show that Peter's revels were inspired by his religious vision of the Transfiguration has not won great acceptance for its central thesis: E. A. Zitser, A recent learned and ingenious attempt to show that Peter's revels were inspired by his religious vision of the Transfiguration has not won great acceptance for its central thesis: E. A. Zitser, The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great (Ithaca NY, 2004). (Ithaca NY, 2004).

81 Binns, 191. Binns, 191.

82 Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', 77. Crummey, 'Ecclesiastical Elites and Popular Belief and Practice in Seventeenth-century Russia', 77.

83 See pp. 849-50, and G. L. Freeze, 'Russian Orthodoxy: Church, People and Politics in Imperial Russia', in D. Lieven (ed.), See pp. 849-50, and G. L. Freeze, 'Russian Orthodoxy: Church, People and Politics in Imperial Russia', in D. Lieven (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia: II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 The Cambridge History of Russia: II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 (Cambridge, 2006), 284-305, at 293-4; also L. Manchester, (Cambridge, 2006), 284-305, at 293-4; also L. Manchester, Holy Fathers, Secular Sons: Clergy, Intelligentsia and the Modern Self in Revolutionary Russia Holy Fathers, Secular Sons: Clergy, Intelligentsia and the Modern Self in Revolutionary Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2008). On seminary education and its poor image, often propagated by former students, ibid., Ch. 5. (DeKalb, IL, 2008). On seminary education and its poor image, often propagated by former students, ibid., Ch. 5.

84 A good summary discussion of this is G. Hosking, 'Trust and Distrust: A Suitable Theme for Historians?', A good summary discussion of this is G. Hosking, 'Trust and Distrust: A Suitable Theme for Historians?', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 16 (2006), 95-116, at 98.

85 A. Sinyavsky, A. Sinyavsky, Ivan the Fool. Russian Folk Belief: A Cultural History Ivan the Fool. Russian Folk Belief: A Cultural History (Moscow, 2007), 306. (Moscow, 2007), 306.

86 Ibid., 369-78, 310-13. Ibid., 369-78, 310-13.

87 Binns, 113. Binns, 113.

PART VI: WESTERN CHRISTIANITY DISMEMBERED (1300-1800).

16: Perspectives on the True Church (1300-1517) 1 O. J. Benedictow, O. J. Benedictow, The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History (Woodbridge, 2004), 51-4, 149. (Woodbridge, 2004), 51-4, 149.

2 I. Grainger et al. (eds.), I. Grainger et al. (eds.), The Black Death Cemetery, East Smithfield The Black Death Cemetery, East Smithfield (London, 2008), 25-7. To add to those the 12-25 age cohort of those identifiable by age brings the figure to 52 per cent of all burials, including those not identifiable by age. (London, 2008), 25-7. To add to those the 12-25 age cohort of those identifiable by age brings the figure to 52 per cent of all burials, including those not identifiable by age.

3 G. d.i.c.kson, 'Revivalism as a Medieval Religious Genre', G. d.i.c.kson, 'Revivalism as a Medieval Religious Genre', JEH JEH, 51 (2000), 473-96, at 482-5.

4 S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Black Death and the Burning of Jews', S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Black Death and the Burning of Jews', PP PP, 196 (August 2007), 3-36, at 36.

5 N. Largier, N. Largier, In Praise of the Whip: A Cultural History of Arousal In Praise of the Whip: A Cultural History of Arousal (New York, 2007), 156-57. See also N. Cohn, (New York, 2007), 156-57. See also N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1970), 131-41. (London, 1970), 131-41.

6 J. R. Banker, J. R. Banker, Death in the Community: Memorialization and Confraternities in an Italian Commune in the Late Middle Ages Death in the Community: Memorialization and Confraternities in an Italian Commune in the Late Middle Ages (Athens, GA, 1988), 8, 36, 173, 183-5. (Athens, GA, 1988), 8, 36, 173, 183-5.

7 N. Vincent, N. Vincent, The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic (Cambridge, 2001), esp. 186-201. For further comment on the controversy, see MacCulloch, 19. (Cambridge, 2001), esp. 186-201. For further comment on the controversy, see MacCulloch, 19.

8 C. W. Bynum, 'Bleeding Hosts and Their Contact Relics in Late Medieval Northern Germany', C. W. Bynum, 'Bleeding Hosts and Their Contact Relics in Late Medieval Northern Germany', Medieval History Journal Medieval History Journal, 7 (2004), 227-41; on Paris in 1290 and its unfolding consequences, M. Rubin, Gentile Tales: The Narrative a.s.sault on Late Medieval Jews Gentile Tales: The Narrative a.s.sault on Late Medieval Jews (New Haven and London, 1999). See also H. Joldersma, 'Specific or Generic "Gentile Tale"? Sources on the Breslau Host Desecration (1453) Reconsidered', (New Haven and London, 1999). See also H. Joldersma, 'Specific or Generic "Gentile Tale"? Sources on the Breslau Host Desecration (1453) Reconsidered', ARG ARG, 95 (2004), 6-33, esp. 9-11. The specific incident discussed was a.s.sociated with the star Franciscan preacher Giovanni da Capistrano: ibid., 15.

9 For discussion of the mutuality of the Purgatory industry, see MacCulloch, 12-13. The definitive study of indulgences is R. N. Swanson, For discussion of the mutuality of the Purgatory industry, see MacCulloch, 12-13. The definitive study of indulgences is R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Medieval England: Pa.s.sports to Paradise? Indulgences in Late Medieval England: Pa.s.sports to Paradise? (Cambridge, 2007). (Cambridge, 2007).

10 See text of See text of Unigenitus Unigenitus: Bettenson (ed.), 182-3. For a rare example of surviving diocesan evidence for the system fully in action before the Black Death, see R. N. Swanson, 'Indulgences for Prayers for the Dead in the Diocese of Lincoln in the Early 14th Century', JEH JEH, 52 (2001), 197-219.

11 NA (PRO), E.135/6.56; NA (PRO), E.135/6.56; RSTC RSTC, 14077c.106.

12 W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, 'Seeing the Reformation in Medieval Perspective', W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, 'Seeing the Reformation in Medieval Perspective', JEH JEH, 25 (1974), 297-307, at 301.

13 S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Place of the Dead in Flanders and Tuscany: Towards a Comparative History of the Black Death', in B. Gordon and P. Marshall (eds.), S. K. Cohn Jr, 'The Place of the Dead in Flanders and Tuscany: Towards a Comparative History of the Black Death', in B. Gordon and P. Marshall (eds.), The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2000), 14; Pettegree (ed., 2002), 17-43, at 23; J. D. Tracy, (Cambridge, 2000), 14; Pettegree (ed., 2002), 17-43, at 23; J. D. Tracy, Europe's Reformations 1450-1650 Europe's Reformations 1450-1650 (Lanham, 2000), 42; H. Kamen, (Lanham, 2000), 42; H. Kamen, The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation (New Haven and London, 1993), 11-12, 19-21, 82-3, 127-9, 168-9, 194-5. On the rosary, see MacCulloch, 329, 331. (New Haven and London, 1993), 11-12, 19-21, 82-3, 127-9, 168-9, 194-5. On the rosary, see MacCulloch, 329, 331.

14 A. T. Thayer, 'Judge and Doctor: Images of the Confessor in Printed Model Sermon Collections, 1450-1520', in K. J. Lualdi and A. T. Thayer (eds.), A. T. Thayer, 'Judge and Doctor: Images of the Confessor in Printed Model Sermon Collections, 1450-1520', in K. J. Lualdi and A. T. Thayer (eds.), Penitence in the Age of Reformations Penitence in the Age of Reformations (Aldershot, 2000), 10-29, at 11-18; I have drawn my own conclusion from this data. (Aldershot, 2000), 10-29, at 11-18; I have drawn my own conclusion from this data.

15 A good discussion of this theme and what follows is B. McGinn, 'Angel Pope and Papal Antichrist', A good discussion of this theme and what follows is B. McGinn, 'Angel Pope and Papal Antichrist', CH CH, 47 (1978), 155-73.

16 Ockham, I Ockham, I Dialogus Dialogus c. 20, 459, qu. T. Shogimen, 'From Disobedience to Toleration: William of Ockham and the Medieval Discourse on Fraternal Correction', c. 20, 459, qu. T. Shogimen, 'From Disobedience to Toleration: William of Ockham and the Medieval Discourse on Fraternal Correction', JEH JEH, 52 (2001) 599-622, at 612n (my translation).

17 McClelland, 130, 135-9; S. Lockwood, 'Marsilius of Padua and the Case for the Royal Ecclesiastical Supremacy', McClelland, 130, 135-9; S. Lockwood, 'Marsilius of Padua and the Case for the Royal Ecclesiastical Supremacy', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 1 (1991), 89-121.

18 D. Williman, 'Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378', D. Williman, 'Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378', JEH JEH, 59 (2008), 29-47.

19 Bettenson (ed.), 135; translation slightly adapted. Bettenson (ed.), 135; translation slightly adapted.

20 For further examples, see MacCulloch, 33-4. For further examples, see MacCulloch, 33-4.

21 G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes, G. H. M. Posthumus Meyjes, Jean Gerson, Apostle of Unity: His Church Politics and Ecclesiology Jean Gerson, Apostle of Unity: His Church Politics and Ecclesiology (Leiden, 1999); M. Rubin, 'Europe Remade: Purity and Danger in Late Medieval Europe', (Leiden, 1999); M. Rubin, 'Europe Remade: Purity and Danger in Late Medieval Europe', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 11 (2001), 101-24, at 107, 111.

22 Koschorke et al. (eds.), 13-14. Koschorke et al. (eds.), 13-14.

23 A fine life is C. Shaw, A fine life is C. Shaw, Julius II: The Warrior Pope Julius II: The Warrior Pope (Oxford, 1993). (Oxford, 1993).

24 D. S. Chambers, D. S. Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe Popes, Cardinals and War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe (London, 2006), 42. (London, 2006), 42.

25 A fine discussion of the primer is E. Duffy, A fine discussion of the primer is E. Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid., 121-46. See also V. Reinburg, 'Liturgy and the Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France', (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid., 121-46. See also V. Reinburg, 'Liturgy and the Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France', SCJ SCJ, 23 (1992), 526-64; C. Richmond, 'Religion and the Fifteenth-century English Gentleman', in R. B. Dobson (ed.), The Church, Politics and Patronage The Church, Politics and Patronage (Gloucester, 1984), 193-208: a comment of 1559 from England echoes Richmond's argument, NA (PRO), STAC 5 U3/34, Answer of William Siday. (Gloucester, 1984), 193-208: a comment of 1559 from England echoes Richmond's argument, NA (PRO), STAC 5 U3/34, Answer of William Siday.

26 Rubin, 'Europe Remade', at 106. Rubin, 'Europe Remade', at 106.

27 G. R. Evans, G. R. Evans, John Wyclif: Myth and Reality John Wyclif: Myth and Reality (Oxford, 2005), esp. 139-47, 153-7; K. B. McFarlane, (Oxford, 2005), esp. 139-47, 153-7; K. B. McFarlane, John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Non-conformity John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Non-conformity (London, 1952), 60 - 69. (London, 1952), 60 - 69.

28 D. G. Denery, 'From Sacred Mystery to Divine Deception: Robert Holkot, John Wyclif and the Transformation of Fourteenth-century Eucharistic Discourse', D. G. Denery, 'From Sacred Mystery to Divine Deception: Robert Holkot, John Wyclif and the Transformation of Fourteenth-century Eucharistic Discourse', JRH JRH, 29 (2005), 129-44, esp. 132.

29 For a useful sketch of suggestive links between Wyclif's Oxford followers and later Lollards, links which some modern scholarship has regarded with scepticism, see M. Jurkowski, 'Heresy and Factionalism at Merton College in the Early Fifteenth Century', For a useful sketch of suggestive links between Wyclif's Oxford followers and later Lollards, links which some modern scholarship has regarded with scepticism, see M. Jurkowski, 'Heresy and Factionalism at Merton College in the Early Fifteenth Century', JEH JEH, 48 (1997), 658-81.

30 M. Dove, M. Dove, The First English Bible: The Text and Context of the Wycliffite Versions The First English Bible: The Text and Context of the Wycliffite Versions (Cambridge, 2007), 53-8; R. Rex, (Cambridge, 2007), 53-8; R. Rex, The Lollards The Lollards (Basingstoke, 2002), 75-6. For a further example of John Clopton, a wealthy and highly traditionalist East Anglian gentleman, bequeathing an English Bible to the Archdeacon of Suffolk in his will in 1496, see NA (PRO), Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills (PROB 11), 17 Horne. (Basingstoke, 2002), 75-6. For a further example of John Clopton, a wealthy and highly traditionalist East Anglian gentleman, bequeathing an English Bible to the Archdeacon of Suffolk in his will in 1496, see NA (PRO), Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills (PROB 11), 17 Horne.

31 B. Cottret, B. Cottret, Calvin: A Biography Calvin: A Biography (Grand Rapids and Edinburgh, 2000), 93-4. (Grand Rapids and Edinburgh, 2000), 93-4.

32 R. M. Ball, 'The Opponents of Bishop Pec.o.c.k', R. M. Ball, 'The Opponents of Bishop Pec.o.c.k', JEH JEH, 48 (1997), 230-62.

33 The best summary account is still A. Hope, 'Lollardy: The Stone the Builders Rejected?', in P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds.), The best summary account is still A. Hope, 'Lollardy: The Stone the Builders Rejected?', in P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds.), Protestantism and the National Church in 16th Century England Protestantism and the National Church in 16th Century England (London, 1987), 1-35. (London, 1987), 1-35.

34 H. Kaminsky, H. Kaminsky, A History of the Hussite Revolution A History of the Hussite Revolution (Berkeley, 1967), 292-4. (Berkeley, 1967), 292-4.

35 For discussion of this European-wide phenomenon, see MacCulloch, 43-52. For discussion of this European-wide phenomenon, see MacCulloch, 43-52.

36 E. Rummel, E. Rummel, The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany (Oxford, 2000), 10. (Oxford, 2000), 10.

37 R. Rex, 'The New Learning', R. Rex, 'The New Learning', JEH JEH, 44 (1993), 26-44.

38 The phrase, applied specifically to the city of Rome, is Stephen Wolohojian's: see The phrase, applied specifically to the city of Rome, is Stephen Wolohojian's: see SCJ SCJ, 31 (2000), 1117.

39 H. Baron, H. Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (2 vols., Princeton, 1955). (2 vols., Princeton, 1955).

40 M. Jurdjevic, 'Prophets and Politicians: Marsilio Ficino, Savonarola and the Valori Family', M. Jurdjevic, 'Prophets and Politicians: Marsilio Ficino, Savonarola and the Valori Family', PP PP, 183 (May 2004), 41-78, at 59-61.

41 J. A. White (ed.), J. A. White (ed.), Biondo Flavio: Italy Illuminated Biondo Flavio: Italy Illuminated (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 189-93. (Cambridge, MA, 2005), 189-93.

42 H. Jones, H. Jones, Master Tully: Cicero in Tudor England Master Tully: Cicero in Tudor England (Nieuwkoop, 1998), esp. 77, and Chs. 1-4. (Nieuwkoop, 1998), esp. 77, and Chs. 1-4.

43 The foundation study here is F. Yates, The foundation study here is F. Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (London, 1964). (London, 1964).

44 On the Dominican pioneer treatise, On the Dominican pioneer treatise, Tractatus gerarchie subcoelestis Tractatus gerarchie subcoelestis, see I. Backus, Historical Method and Confessional Ident.i.ty in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615) Historical Method and Confessional Ident.i.ty in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615) (Leiden, 2003), 15-16. (Leiden, 2003), 15-16.

45 G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Bible: 2. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation The Cambridge History of the Bible: 2. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation (Cambridge, 1969), 301. (Cambridge, 1969), 301.

46 Rummel, Rummel, The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany, 11.

47 D. S. Ellington, D. S. Ellington, From Sacred Body to Angelic Soul: Understanding Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe From Sacred Body to Angelic Soul: Understanding Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Washington, DC, 2001), 193. (Washington, DC, 2001), 193.

48 For examples of Catholic theologians reading Augustine afresh, see MacCulloch, 111 - 12. For examples of Catholic theologians reading Augustine afresh, see MacCulloch, 111 - 12.

49 B. B. Warfield, B. B. Warfield, Calvin and Augustine Calvin and Augustine (Philadelphia, 1956), 332. (Philadelphia, 1956), 332.

50 MacCulloch, 57. MacCulloch, 57.

51 D. Nirenberg, 'Ma.s.s Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in 15th Century Spain', D. Nirenberg, 'Ma.s.s Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in 15th Century Spain', PP PP, 174 (February 2002), 3-41, esp. 21-5.

52 J. Edwards, J. Edwards, The Spanish Inquisition The Spanish Inquisition (Stroud, 1999), Ch. 4, well summarizes these events. (Stroud, 1999), Ch. 4, well summarizes these events.

53 The cautiously revised but still ma.s.sive figure for expellees is from ibid., 88. The cautiously revised but still ma.s.sive figure for expellees is from ibid., 88.

54 M. D. Meyerson, M. D. Meyerson, The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade (Berkeley, 1991); J. Edwards, 'Portugal and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain', in (Berkeley, 1991); J. Edwards, 'Portugal and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain', in Medievo hispano: estudios in memoriam del Prof. Derek W. Lomax Medievo hispano: estudios in memoriam del Prof. Derek W. Lomax (Madrid, 1995), 121-39. (Madrid, 1995), 121-39.

55 H. E. Rawlings, 'The Secularisation of Castilian Episcopal Office under the Habsburgs, c. 1516-1700', H. E. Rawlings, 'The Secularisation of Castilian Episcopal Office under the Habsburgs, c. 1516-1700', JEH JEH, 38 (1987), 53-79, at 55.

56 Edwards, Edwards, The Spanish Inquisition The Spanish Inquisition, 85.

57 J. R. L. Highfield, 'The Jeronimites in Spain, Their Patrons and Success, 1373-1516', J. R. L. Highfield, 'The Jeronimites in Spain, Their Patrons and Success, 1373-1516', JEH JEH, 34 (1983), 513-33, at 531-2. For clashes between Rome and Spanish authorities over limpieza de sangre limpieza de sangre, see D. Fenlon, 'Pole, Carranza and the Pulpit', in J. Edwards and R. Truman (eds.), Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The Achievement of Friar Bartolome Carranza Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The Achievement of Friar Bartolome Carranza (Aldershot, 2005), 81-97, at 96-7, and R. Truman, 'Pedro Salazar de Mendoza and the First Biography of Carranza', ibid., 177-205, at 184. (Aldershot, 2005), 81-97, at 96-7, and R. Truman, 'Pedro Salazar de Mendoza and the First Biography of Carranza', ibid., 177-205, at 184.