66 h.o.a.re (ed.), h.o.a.re (ed.), The Western Fathers The Western Fathers, 137 [Dialogue with Gallus, 13]; and for the Priscillianist affair, Stevenson (ed., 1989), 159-63.

67 C. Stewart, C. Stewart, Ca.s.sian the Monk Ca.s.sian the Monk (Oxford, 1998), 6-19. Ca.s.sian's innuendo reinforces the impression that Martin's monastic recruits included a disproportionate number from the Gallo-Roman elite. (Oxford, 1998), 6-19. Ca.s.sian's innuendo reinforces the impression that Martin's monastic recruits included a disproportionate number from the Gallo-Roman elite.

68 Ibid., 42-3. Ibid., 42-3.

69 Ibid., 19-20. Ibid., 19-20.

70 D. Ogliari, D. Ogliari, Gratia et certamen: The Relationship between Grace and Free Will in the Discussion of Augustine with the So-called Semipelagians Gratia et certamen: The Relationship between Grace and Free Will in the Discussion of Augustine with the So-called Semipelagians (Leuven, 2003), 106-8, 111-53. On the problems with the 'Semi-Pelagian' label, ibid., 5-6. (Leuven, 2003), 106-8, 111-53. On the problems with the 'Semi-Pelagian' label, ibid., 5-6.

71 Vincent, Vincent, Commonitorium Commonitorium 2.5, qu. ibid., 431 n. 12. 2.5, qu. ibid., 431 n. 12.

72 There are many translations and attempted adaptations of the Benedictine Rule. A reliable version, though without editorial annotations, is P. Barry (tr.), There are many translations and attempted adaptations of the Benedictine Rule. A reliable version, though without editorial annotations, is P. Barry (tr.), Saint Benedict's Rule: A New Translation for Today Saint Benedict's Rule: A New Translation for Today (Ampleforth, 1997). (Ampleforth, 1997).

73 C. H. Lawrence, 'St Benedict and His Rule', C. H. Lawrence, 'St Benedict and His Rule', History History, 67 (1982), 185-94.

10: Latin Christendom: New Frontiers (500-1000) 1 A good discussion of this process is M. Innes, 'Land, Freedom and the Making of the Medieval West', A good discussion of this process is M. Innes, 'Land, Freedom and the Making of the Medieval West', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 16 (2006), 39-74.

2 An excellent summary account of Theoderic's Ravenna is Y. Hen, An excellent summary account of Theoderic's Ravenna is Y. Hen, Roman Barbarians: The Royal Court and Culture in the Early Medieval West Roman Barbarians: The Royal Court and Culture in the Early Medieval West (Houndmills, 2007), Ch. 2. (Houndmills, 2007), Ch. 2.

3 K. G. Cushing, K. G. Cushing, Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change (Manchester and New York, 2005), 56. (Manchester and New York, 2005), 56.

4 J. H. Burns (ed.), J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c. 1450 The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 288-9. (Cambridge, 1988), 288-9.

5 R. Fletcher, R. Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386 The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386 AD (London, 1997), 104-5. AD (London, 1997), 104-5.

6 Stringer, 108. Stringer, 108.

7 For the interior of the Church of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, see Pl. 4. St Martin is to be seen at the eastern end of the main sequence of mosaics on the south arcade. For the interior of the Church of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, see Pl. 4. St Martin is to be seen at the eastern end of the main sequence of mosaics on the south arcade.

8 J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), 56. (Oxford, 1983), 56.

9 Chadwick, 53. Chadwick, 53.

10 Ibid., 55-6. Ibid., 55-6.

11 J. Moorhead, 'On Becoming Pope in Late Antiquity', J. Moorhead, 'On Becoming Pope in Late Antiquity', JRH JRH, 30 (2006), 279-93,at 291.

12 R. A. Markus, R. A. Markus, Gregory the Great and His World Gregory the Great and His World (Cambridge, 1997), 91-4. (Cambridge, 1997), 91-4.

13 P. Brown, P. Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD AD 200-1000 200-1000 (Oxford, 1997), 145-6. (Oxford, 1997), 145-6.

14 Gregory, Gregory, Homiliae in Hiezechielem Homiliae in Hiezechielem, 1.11.6, qu. Markus, Gregory the Great and His World Gregory the Great and His World, 25.

15 C. Thomas, C. Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to Christianity in Roman Britain to AD AD 500 500 (London, 1981), 310-14: the most likely candidate is a settlement by the fort of Birdoswald near Carlisle, which can be identified as 'Banna'. (London, 1981), 310-14: the most likely candidate is a settlement by the fort of Birdoswald near Carlisle, which can be identified as 'Banna'.

16 For Palladius and Patrick, see Stevenson (ed., 1989), 378-84. For Palladius and Patrick, see Stevenson (ed., 1989), 378-84.

17 Fletcher, Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe The Conversion of Europe, 87-92.

18 Stevenson (ed., 1989), 380. Stevenson (ed., 1989), 380.

19 P. O Riain, 'Irish Saints' Cults and Ecclesiastical Families', in A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (eds.), P. O Riain, 'Irish Saints' Cults and Ecclesiastical Families', in A. Thacker and R. Sharpe (eds.), Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West (Oxford, 2002), 290 - 302. (Oxford, 2002), 290 - 302.

20 N. Edwards, 'Celtic Saints and Early Medieval Archaeology', in Thacker and Sharpe (eds.), N. Edwards, 'Celtic Saints and Early Medieval Archaeology', in Thacker and Sharpe (eds.), Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, 225-66, at 251-2.

21 On the links to Syria, Dalrymple, 109-11, and on the On the links to Syria, Dalrymple, 109-11, and on the Diatessaron Diatessaron, see pp. 181-2. For links of the ring-cross to Egypt via a Coptic shroud now in Minneapolis, see W. Horn, 'On the Origin of the Celtic Cross: A New Interpretation', in W. Horn, J. White Marshall and G. D. Rourke, The Forgotten Hermitage of Skellig Michael The Forgotten Hermitage of Skellig Michael (Berkeley, 1990), 89-98, esp. 92. (Berkeley, 1990), 89-98, esp. 92.

22 M. W. Herren and S. A. Brown, M. W. Herren and S. A. Brown, Christ in Celtic Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century Christ in Celtic Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century (Woodbridge, 2002), 96-7; but see arguments by W. H. C. Frend against their main thesis that the Irish and other Christians in Britain or England took their theology directly from Pelagianism, (Woodbridge, 2002), 96-7; but see arguments by W. H. C. Frend against their main thesis that the Irish and other Christians in Britain or England took their theology directly from Pelagianism, JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 140.

23 D. Bachrach, 'Confession in the D. Bachrach, 'Confession in the Regnum Francorum Regnum Francorum (742-900): The Sources Revisited', (742-900): The Sources Revisited', JEH JEH, 54 (2003), 3-22, at 9-10. On the Reformation: see Ch. 17.

24 Fletcher, Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe The Conversion of Europe, 92-3.

25 Ibid., 93-6. Ibid., 93-6.

26 L. Sherley-Price and R. E. Latham (eds.), L. Sherley-Price and R. E. Latham (eds.), Bede: A History of the English Church and People Bede: A History of the English Church and People (rev. edn, London, 1968), 66-7 [1.23]. (rev. edn, London, 1968), 66-7 [1.23].

27 Ibid., 99-100 [II.1], and J. Richards, Ibid., 99-100 [II.1], and J. Richards, Consul of G.o.d: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great Consul of G.o.d: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great (London, 1980), 238-41. The extension of the misquotation to ' (London, 1980), 238-41. The extension of the misquotation to 'Not Angels, but Angels, but Anglicans Anglicans' is much to be treasured: W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman, 1066 and All That 1066 and All That (London, 1975 edn), 14. (London, 1975 edn), 14.

28 T. Tatton-Brown, T. Tatton-Brown, Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and Their Houses Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and Their Houses (London, 2000), esp. 15-20. On the still-mysterious Canterbury bridgehead in London represented by the Romanesque crypt of St Mary-le-Bow, see essays by M. Byrne and J. Schofield in M. Byrne and G. R. Bush (eds.), (London, 2000), esp. 15-20. On the still-mysterious Canterbury bridgehead in London represented by the Romanesque crypt of St Mary-le-Bow, see essays by M. Byrne and J. Schofield in M. Byrne and G. R. Bush (eds.), St Mary-le-Bow: A History St Mary-le-Bow: A History (Barnsley, 2007), 21-9, 79-89. The final Court of Appeal of the Province of Canterbury is still a.s.sociated with this church. (Barnsley, 2007), 21-9, 79-89. The final Court of Appeal of the Province of Canterbury is still a.s.sociated with this church.

29 Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Bede Bede, 132 [II.16].

30 R. Collins, R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (Houndmills, 1991), 170. (Houndmills, 1991), 170.

31 R. Meens, 'Ritual Purity and Gregory the Great', in R. N. Swanson (ed.), R. Meens, 'Ritual Purity and Gregory the Great', in R. N. Swanson (ed.), Unity and Diversity in the Church Unity and Diversity in the Church ( (SCH, 32, 1996), 31-43, at 35. Cf. Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Bede Bede, 76-83 [I.27-28].

32 H. Mayr-Harting, H. Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England (3rd edn, London, 1991), 15, 31; Collins, (3rd edn, London, 1991), 15, 31; Collins, Early Medieval Europe Early Medieval Europe, 165-6.

33 Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Bede Bede, 104 [II.3]. Rochester Cathedral's dedication was also later changed. The pattern of dedications to Peter or Peter and Paul continued in the major churches of other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: W. Rodwell, J. Hawkes, E. How and R. Cramp, 'The Lichfield Angel: A Spectacular Anglo-Saxon Painted Sculpture', Antiquaries Journal Antiquaries Journal, 88 (2008), 48-108, at 50.

34 Collins, Collins, Early Medieval Europe Early Medieval Europe, 173.

35 D. Tyler, 'Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-century England', D. Tyler, 'Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-century England', History History, 92 (2007), 144-61, esp. at 146.

36 Fletcher, Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe The Conversion of Europe, 259.

37 Ibid., 179. York was not an archiepiscopal see in the seventh century. Ibid., 179. York was not an archiepiscopal see in the seventh century.

38 Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Bede Bede, 94 [II.1]; P. Hayward, 'Gregory the Great as "Apostle of the English" ', JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 19-57.

39 Richards, Richards, Consul of G.o.d Consul of G.o.d, 259-60, 263.

40 See the emphasis on Hertford's importance over against the more-often celebrated Synod of Whitby of 664 in P. Wormald, 'The Venerable Bede and the "Church of the English" ', in G. Rowell (ed.), See the emphasis on Hertford's importance over against the more-often celebrated Synod of Whitby of 664 in P. Wormald, 'The Venerable Bede and the "Church of the English" ', in G. Rowell (ed.), The English Religious Tradition and the Genius of Anglicanism The English Religious Tradition and the Genius of Anglicanism (Wantage, 1992), 17. (Wantage, 1992), 17.

41 H. Chadwick, 'Theodore, the English Church and the Monothelete Controversy', in M. Lapidge (ed.), H. Chadwick, 'Theodore, the English Church and the Monothelete Controversy', in M. Lapidge (ed.), Archbishop Theodore: Commemorative Studies on His Life and Influence Archbishop Theodore: Commemorative Studies on His Life and Influence (Cambridge, 1995), 88-95, and note his affirmation of the location of Hatfield as the place in Yorkshire rather than Hertfordshire. On Hadrian, see also M. Lapidge, 'The Career of Archbishop Theodore', ibid., 1-29, at 25-6. (Cambridge, 1995), 88-95, and note his affirmation of the location of Hatfield as the place in Yorkshire rather than Hertfordshire. On Hadrian, see also M. Lapidge, 'The Career of Archbishop Theodore', ibid., 1-29, at 25-6.

42 Mayr-Harting, Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England, 9.

43 Fletcher, Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe The Conversion of Europe, 198, 204-13.

44 Ibid., 514-15. Ibid., 514-15.

45 Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Sherley-Price and Latham (eds.), Bede Bede, 192 [III.25].

46 Ibid., 127 [II.13]. Ibid., 127 [II.13].

47 Richards, Richards, Consul of G.o.d Consul of G.o.d, 264.

48 G. Graf, G. Graf, Peterskirchen in Sachsen: ein patrozinienkundlicher Beitrag zum Land zwischen Saale und Neisse bis an den Ausgang des Hochmittelalters Peterskirchen in Sachsen: ein patrozinienkundlicher Beitrag zum Land zwischen Saale und Neisse bis an den Ausgang des Hochmittelalters (Frankfurt am Main, 1999). (Frankfurt am Main, 1999). 49 49 R. W. Southern, R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (London, 1970), 226. (London, 1970), 226. 50 50 A. Lingas, 'Medieval Byzantine Chant and the Sound of Orthodoxy', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), A. Lingas, 'Medieval Byzantine Chant and the Sound of Orthodoxy', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), Byzantine Orthodoxies Byzantine Orthodoxies (Aldershot, 2006), 131-50, at 142. Still later, Carolingians adopted the Byzantine eight musical modes: ibid., 142. (Aldershot, 2006), 131-50, at 142. Still later, Carolingians adopted the Byzantine eight musical modes: ibid., 142.

51 Chadwick, 64-5. Chadwick, 64-5.

52 Maior domus Maior domus: the same phrase as the later 'majordomo'.

53 J. L. Nelson, 'Charlemagne the Man', in J. Story (ed.), J. L. Nelson, 'Charlemagne the Man', in J. Story (ed.), Charlemagne: Empire and Society Charlemagne: Empire and Society (Manchester, 2005), 22-37, at 24-5; on the estates of S. Germain, C. Wickham, (Manchester, 2005), 22-37, at 24-5; on the estates of S. Germain, C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800 Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800 (Oxford, 2005), 399-402, 404-6. (Oxford, 2005), 399-402, 404-6.

54 M. A. Claussen, M. A. Claussen, The Reform of the Frankish Church: Chrodegang of Metz and the The Reform of the Frankish Church: Chrodegang of Metz and the Regula canonicorum Regula canonicorum in the Eighth Century in the Eighth Century (Cambridge, 2004), 27. (Cambridge, 2004), 27.

55 See especially ibid., Ch. 6. See especially ibid., Ch. 6.

56 P. Fouracre, 'The Long Shadow of the Merovingians', in Story (ed.), P. Fouracre, 'The Long Shadow of the Merovingians', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 5-21, at 6-7.

57 Chadwick, 33. Chadwick, 33.

58 Ibid., 77-8. Ibid., 77-8.

59 M. de Jong, 'Charlemagne's Church', in Story (ed.), M. de Jong, 'Charlemagne's Church', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 103-35, at 126.

60 B. Ward and G. R. Evans, 'The Medieval West', in Hastings (ed.), 110-46, at 115; for useful commentary on the coronation and its background, J. Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', B. Ward and G. R. Evans, 'The Medieval West', in Hastings (ed.), 110-46, at 115; for useful commentary on the coronation and its background, J. Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 15 (2005), 1-29, at 6-9.

61 R. Fletcher, R. Fletcher, The Cross and the Crescent: Christianity and Islam from Muhammad to the Reformation The Cross and the Crescent: Christianity and Islam from Muhammad to the Reformation (London, 2003), 51. (London, 2003), 51.

62 R. Collins, 'Charlemagne's Imperial Coronation and the Annals of Lorsch', in Story (ed.), R. Collins, 'Charlemagne's Imperial Coronation and the Annals of Lorsch', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 52-70, esp. 68-9.

63 S. Coupland, 'Charlemagne's Coinage', in Story (ed.), S. Coupland, 'Charlemagne's Coinage', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 211-29, at 223-7.

64 Chadwick, 89-93. Chadwick, 89-93.

65 For wise remarks on the subject, see C. Brooke, 'Approaches to Medieval Forgery', in Brooke, For wise remarks on the subject, see C. Brooke, 'Approaches to Medieval Forgery', in Brooke, Medieval Church and Society: Collected Essays Medieval Church and Society: Collected Essays (London, 1971), 100-120. (London, 1971), 100-120.

66 For a different and later dating to the ninth century and an attribution to the same circle of forgers as pseudo-Isidore, a hypothesis which has so far not commanded general a.s.sent, see J. Fried, Donation of Constantine For a different and later dating to the ninth century and an attribution to the same circle of forgers as pseudo-Isidore, a hypothesis which has so far not commanded general a.s.sent, see J. Fried, Donation of Constantine and and Const.i.tutum Constantini Const.i.tutum Constantini: The Misinterpretation of a Fiction and Its Original Meaning. With a Contribution by Wolfram Brandes: 'The Satraps of Constantine' (Berlin and New York, 2007). Latin text and translation are at 129 - 45. (Berlin and New York, 2007). Latin text and translation are at 129 - 45.

67 Ibid., 95-9. Ibid., 95-9.

68 Doig, 112-13, 127, 130-32. Doig, 112-13, 127, 130-32.

69 R. McKitterick, 'The Carolingian Renaissance of Culture and Learning', in Story (ed.), R. McKitterick, 'The Carolingian Renaissance of Culture and Learning', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 151-66.

70 H. Mayr-Harting, 'The Early Middle Ages', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 44-64, at 54-5. On Josiah, see pp. 60-61. H. Mayr-Harting, 'The Early Middle Ages', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 44-64, at 54-5. On Josiah, see pp. 60-61.

71 A. Borst, A. Borst, Die karolingische Kalendarreform Die karolingische Kalendarreform (Hannover, 1998); for the reconstruction of the original, 254-98. On the Gregorian calendar reform, see p. 683. (Hannover, 1998); for the reconstruction of the original, 254-98. On the Gregorian calendar reform, see p. 683.

72 C. H. Lawrence, 'St Benedict and His Rule', C. H. Lawrence, 'St Benedict and His Rule', History History, 67 (1982), 185-94, at 193-4.

73 De Jong, 'Charlemagne's Church', 120-22; M. Innes, 'Charlemagne's Government', in Story (ed.), De Jong, 'Charlemagne's Church', 120-22; M. Innes, 'Charlemagne's Government', in Story (ed.), Charlemagne Charlemagne, 71-89, at 85.

74 For the reconstruction of Charlemagne's prayer book, see S. Waldhoff, For the reconstruction of Charlemagne's prayer book, see S. Waldhoff, Alcuins Gebetbuch fur Karl den Grossen: seine Rekonstruktion und seine Stellung in der fruhmittelalterlichen Geschichte der Alcuins Gebetbuch fur Karl den Grossen: seine Rekonstruktion und seine Stellung in der fruhmittelalterlichen Geschichte der Libelli Prec.u.m (Munster, 2003), 341-91. Libelli Prec.u.m (Munster, 2003), 341-91.

75 Mayr-Harting, 'Early Middle Ages', 47-8. On the contemporary debate between East and West on images, see pp. 442 - 56. Mayr-Harting, 'Early Middle Ages', 47-8. On the contemporary debate between East and West on images, see pp. 442 - 56.

76 Ibid., 'Early Middle Ages', 49-51. Ibid., 'Early Middle Ages', 49-51.

77 Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', 3; Bachrach, 'Confession in the Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', 3; Bachrach, 'Confession in the Regnum Francorum Regnum Francorum (742-900)', 9-10. (742-900)', 9-10.

78 Southern, Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, 226.

79 Doig, 126-8. Doig, 126-8.

80 B. Yorke, B. Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses (London and New York, 2003), 17-18, 26, 31-3, 118, 153-4. (London and New York, 2003), 17-18, 26, 31-3, 118, 153-4.

81 The definitive and truly monumental study of this is W. Horn and E. Born, The definitive and truly monumental study of this is W. Horn and E. Born, The Plan of St Gall: A Study of the Architecture & Economy of Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery The Plan of St Gall: A Study of the Architecture & Economy of Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery (3 vols., Berkeley, 1979); detailed a.n.a.lysis and ill.u.s.trations of the plan are I, 36 - 104. (3 vols., Berkeley, 1979); detailed a.n.a.lysis and ill.u.s.trations of the plan are I, 36 - 104.

82 J. T. Palmer, 'Rimbert's J. T. Palmer, 'Rimbert's Vita Anskarii Vita Anskarii and Scandinavian Mission in the 9th Century', and Scandinavian Mission in the 9th Century', JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 235-56.

83 Hayward, 'Gregory the Great as "Apostle of the English" ', at 24-5. Hayward, 'Gregory the Great as "Apostle of the English" ', at 24-5.

84 E. Gibbon, E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (12 vols., London, 1813), IX, 198-9 [Ch. 49]. (12 vols., London, 1813), IX, 198-9 [Ch. 49].

85 Herrin, 207-11. Herrin, 207-11.

86 Chadwick, 198. Chadwick, 198.

11: The West: Universal Emperor or Universal Pope? (900-1200) 1 For a notable rea.s.sessment of Aethelwold's importance, see M. Gretsch, For a notable rea.s.sessment of Aethelwold's importance, see M. Gretsch, The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform (Cambridge, 1999), esp. 425-7. For further comment on one tendentious historical legacy of Aethelwold's and Oswald's reforms, see D. c.o.x, 'St Oswald of Worcester at Evesham Abbey: Cult and Concealment', (Cambridge, 1999), esp. 425-7. For further comment on one tendentious historical legacy of Aethelwold's and Oswald's reforms, see D. c.o.x, 'St Oswald of Worcester at Evesham Abbey: Cult and Concealment', JEH JEH, 53 (2002), 269-85. On Dunstan and Ovid's Ars Amatoria Ars Amatoria, see letter by D. Ganz in TLS TLS, 18 May 2007, 17; the MS is Bodleian Library MS Auct.F.4.32.

2 K. G. Cushing, K. G. Cushing, Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century: Spirituality and Social Change (Manchester, 2005), 59-60. (Manchester, 2005), 59-60.

3 Ibid., 92-3. Ibid., 92-3.

4 Incisive discussion of the change is R. I. Moore, Incisive discussion of the change is R. I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970-1215 The First European Revolution, c. 970-1215 (Oxford, 2000), 45-55. (Oxford, 2000), 45-55.

5 The process is well examined kingdom by kingdom by the essayists in N. Berend (ed.), The process is well examined kingdom by kingdom by the essayists in N. Berend (ed.), Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus', c. 900-1200 Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus', c. 900-1200 (Cambridge, 2008). The exception was Iceland, which acquired Christianity around 1000 without acquiring a monarchy. (Cambridge, 2008). The exception was Iceland, which acquired Christianity around 1000 without acquiring a monarchy.

6 R. N. Swanson, R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-century Renaissance The Twelfth-century Renaissance (Manchester, 1999), 8. (Manchester, 1999), 8.