127. V. I. Piliavskii, Dzhakomo Kvarengi Dzhakomo Kvarengi (Leningrad, 1981), 63, 734; Cross, 282, where the ownership of the estate is unidentified. (Leningrad, 1981), 63, 734; Cross, 282, where the ownership of the estate is unidentified.

128. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.

129. Grimm, 253, 15 Nov. 1782; Zavadovskii, 279, n.d. [Feb. 1783].

130. KfZh KfZh (1783), 59. Of these, 2640 were n.o.bles and 490 merchants. 8170 tickets had been issued: 7100 to n.o.bles and 1070 to merchants. (1783), 59. Of these, 2640 were n.o.bles and 490 merchants. 8170 tickets had been issued: 7100 to n.o.bles and 1070 to merchants.

131. Grimm, 268, 3 Mar. 1783; KfZh KfZh (1783), 789. (1783), 789.

132. Zavadovskii, 275, 25 Nov. 1782.

133. Harris Diaries, ii: 1112.

134. Grimm, 2745, 20 Apr. 1783.

135. Lopatin, 186, 16 Oct. 1783.

136. Grimm, 3167, 7 July 1784.

137. Parkinson, 4950; see also 456.

138. AKV AKV, xxi: 284, n.

139. Alexander, 2167, is misled by SIRIO SIRIO, xxvi: 281, where Bezborodko's letter to Potemkin, reporting that the funeral took place 'yesterday', is misdated 28 July 1784. The letter's contents, and the collateral evidence of KfZh KfZh, place it at 28 June. Montefiore, 553, n. 3, unaccountably dates it 29 June, which invalidates his account of a funeral on 27 July, pp. 3124.

140. KfZh KfZh (1784), 380. (1784), 380.

141. SIRIO SIRIO, xxvi: 281, Bezborodko to Potemkin [28 June 1784].

142. RS RS (Sept. 1879), 151, C. to U. Ia. Lanskaia, oddly dated 25 June rather than 26 June. (Sept. 1879), 151, C. to U. Ia. Lanskaia, oddly dated 25 June rather than 26 June.

143. KfZh KfZh (1784), 3824. (1784), 3824.

144. AKV AKV, xxi: 462, E. Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 6 July 1784.

145. AKV AKV, x.x.xi: 444, A. R. to S. R. Vorontsov, 21 July 1784.

146. Lettres au Prince de Ligne Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 47, 18 Aug. 1784; J. T. Alexander, 'Aeromania, "fire balloons", and Catherine the Great's ban of 1784', The Historian The Historian, 58 (1996).

147. KfZh KfZh (1784), 396, 3989, 4427; (1784), 396, 3989, 4427; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii:.

148. Grimm, 337, 25 Apr. 1785; AKV AKV, x.x.xi: 448, A. R. to S. R. Vorontsov, 29 Aug. 1784; KfZh KfZh (1784), 4524. (1784), 4524.

149. KfZh KfZh (1784), 4569. (1784), 4569.

150. Grimm, 318, 322, 9 and 26 Sept. 1784.

151. Beer and Fiedler, i: 482, 484, Cobenzl to Joseph, 3 Nov. 1784.

Chapter 11.

1. KfZh KfZh (1785), 2212. (1785), 2212.

2. Madariaga, 484; Alexander, 218; Cross, 'By the Banks of the Thames' 'By the Banks of the Thames', 243, quoting S. R. Vorontsov.

3. Beer and Fiedler, ii: 37, Cobenzl to Joseph, 14 May 1785; Alexander, 217; Grimm, 336, 24 Apr. 1785.

4. Jones, Emanc.i.p.ation of the Russian n.o.bility Emanc.i.p.ation of the Russian n.o.bility, ch. 8; Madariaga, 2959.

5. D. Griffiths and G. Munro, eds., Catherine II's Charters of 1785 to the n.o.bility and the Towns Catherine II's Charters of 1785 to the n.o.bility and the Towns (Bakersfield, CA, 1991), (Bakersfield, CA, 1991), pa.s.sim pa.s.sim, esp. p. lxiv, introduction by Griffiths.

6. KfZh KfZh (1785), 281, 307; c.o.xe, ii: 2905; Segur, ii: 2623. (1785), 281, 307; c.o.xe, ii: 2905; Segur, ii: 2623.

7. Zavadovskii, 289, 28 Apr. 1785.

8. PSZ PSZ, xxii: 16,381, 28 Apr. 1786.

9. Grimm, 342, 1 June 1785.

10. Lettere Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

11. SIRIO SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, 16 June 1785.

12. Lettere Lettere, 162, 8 June 1785.

13. c.o.xe, i: 444, 424, 422.

14. R. E. Jones, Provincial development in Russia: Catherine II and Jakob Sievers Provincial development in Russia: Catherine II and Jakob Sievers (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984); N. V. Sereda, (New Brunswick, NJ, 1984); N. V. Sereda, Reformy upravleniia Ekateriny Vtoroi Reformy upravleniia Ekateriny Vtoroi (Moscow, 2004). A. Jones, 'A Russian bourgeois's Arctic Enlightenment', (Moscow, 2004). A. Jones, 'A Russian bourgeois's Arctic Enlightenment', Historical Journal Historical Journal, 48 (2005), 62346, shows that merchant civic involvement was not confined to the central provinces.

15. Grimm, 343, 20 June 1785.

16. KfZh KfZh (1785), 311; (1785), 311; Lettere Lettere, 162, 31 May 1785.

17. KfZh KfZh (1785), 281360, (1785), 281360, pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

18. KfZh KfZh (1785), 340. (1785), 340.

19. KfZh KfZh (1785), 3545; Cross, 298. (1785), 3545; Cross, 298.

20. KfZh KfZh (1785), 3637. (1785), 3637.

21. Segur, ii: 2656.

22. D. V. Tsvetaev, 'Ukazy i pis'ma Imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi', Zhurnal ministerstva iust.i.tsii Zhurnal ministerstva iust.i.tsii (Dec. 1915), 195, C. to Viazemskii, 16 June 1785; Grimm, 342, 14 June. (Dec. 1915), 195, C. to Viazemskii, 16 June 1785; Grimm, 342, 14 June.

23. KfZh KfZh (1785), appendix, 45. (1785), appendix, 45.

24. Grimm, 344, 28 June 1785.

25. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, 10 May 1786 NS, quoted in M. R. Key, Catherine the Great's Linguistic Contribution Catherine the Great's Linguistic Contribution (Carbondale, IL, 1980), 62, an odd but not wholly negligible book. (Carbondale, IL, 1980), 62, an odd but not wholly negligible book.

26. SK SK, 6812; Madariaga, Short History Short History, 99.

27. Belekhov and Petrov, Ivan Starov Ivan Starov, 10314.

28. SIRIO SIRIO, xv: 23, C. to Paul and Maria Fedorovna, 8 June 1785.

29. Gerchuk, Bazhenov Bazhenov, 12363.

30. Parkinson, 212, 19 Nov. 1792.

31. Madariaga, 5245; McGrew, 1956.

32. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780.

33. Zimmerman, 2456, 17 Apr. 1786.

34. Pis'ma N.I. Novikova Pis'ma N.I. Novikova, eds. M. V. Reizin, et al (SPb, 1994), 42; Jones, Nikolay Novikov Nikolay Novikov, 18591; Marker, Publishing Publishing, 2206; Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

35. Grimm, 372, 10 Nov. 1785.

36. Diderot, Oeuvres Oeuvres, ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 515, 546 (paras viii, lxxv).

37. Grimm, 3723, 23 Nov. 1785.

38. Piliavskii, Kvarengi Kvarengi, 121.

39. Ibid., 64.

40. KfZh KfZh (1785), 704. (1785), 704.

41. Piliavskii, Kvarengi Kvarengi, 122.

42. Khrapovitskii, 19 and 21 Apr. 1786.

43. MP MP, ii: 343; G. Seaman, 'The national element in early Russian opera', Music and Letters Music and Letters, 42 (1961), 2601. Lettres de Cte Valetin Esterhazy a sa femme Lettres de Cte Valetin Esterhazy a sa femme 17841792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 3189. 17841792, ed. E. Daudet (Paris, 1907), 3189.

44. G. Moracci, '"Bolee truda nezheli smekha": Pis'mo Ekateriny II L'vu Aleskandrovichu Naryshkinu', Russian Literature Russian Literature, 52 (2002), 2439.

45. L. D. O'Malley, The dramatic works of Catherine the Great: Theatre and politics in eighteenth-century Russia The dramatic works of Catherine the Great: Theatre and politics in eighteenth-century Russia (Aldershot, 2006), 14067. (Aldershot, 2006), 14067.

46. Lopatin, 209, Potemkin to C., 6 Oct. 1786.

47. Zimmerman, 244, C. to Dr Zimmerman, 10 Jan. 1786.

48. Grimm, 328, 17 Dec. 1786.

49. Sochineniia Sochineniia, iv: appendix, 189219; Khrapovitskii, 163, 29 Sept. 1788; 167, 5 Oct.; 174, 15 Oct.

50. AKV AKV, xxi: 467, Elisaveta Polianskaia to S. R. Vorontsov, 1 Jan. 1787.

51. Krapovitskii, 21, 17 Dec. 1786; Lopatin, 212, C. to Potemkin, 18 Dec.; A. G. Brikner, 'Zel'mira: epizod iz istorii tsarstvovaniia imperatritsy Ekateriny II', Istoricheskii vestnik Istoricheskii vestnik (1890), 277303; 55172. (1890), 277303; 55172.

52. Zavadovskii, 2767, 26 Jan. 1783.

53. Bentham, iii: 310, S. Bentham to J. Bentham, 6/17 Sept. 1784; KfZh KfZh (1784), appendix, 71, 26 Sept. (1784), appendix, 71, 26 Sept.

54. 'Pis'ma grafa A.R. Vorontsova k bratu ego grafu s.e.m.e.nu Romanovichu i ego supruge, 17831785', AKV AKV, x.x.xi: 4634, 24 Oct., 1 Nov. 1784; Bezborodko, 279, 23 July 1785; Grimm, 333, 15 Apr. 1785.

55. c.o.xe, i: 245.

56. Khrapovitskii, 23, 17 Jan. 1787.

57. KfZh KfZh (1787), appendix: 5, C. to Ia. A. Brius, 17 Jan. 1787; Bychkov, 166, C. to N. V. Repnin, 16 Jan. 1787. (1787), appendix: 5, C. to Ia. A. Brius, 17 Jan. 1787; Bychkov, 166, C. to N. V. Repnin, 16 Jan. 1787.

58. Istoricheskii ocherk Smolenska Istoricheskii ocherk Smolenska (SPb, 1894), 557. (SPb, 1894), 557.

59. Khrapovitskii, 234.

60. Slova i rechi Georgiia Koniiskago, Arkhiepiskopa Mogilevskago Slova i rechi Georgiia Koniiskago, Arkhiepiskopa Mogilevskago (Mogilev, 1892), 242. (Mogilev, 1892), 242.

61. Engelhgardt, 54.

62. Bentham, iii: 523, 5256, J. Bentham to G. Wilson, 9/20 Feb. 1787.

63. AKV AKV, xii: 35, P. V. Zavadovskii to A. R. Vorontsov, 8 Mar. 1787.

64. Segur, iii: 31.

65. Lettere Lettere, 166, 30 Jan 1787.

66. Lettere Lettere, 167, 6 Feb. 1787.

67. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787; V. S. Ikonnikov, 'Kiev v 16541855 gg.', Kievskaia starina Kievskaia starina (Sept. 1904), 273. (Sept. 1904), 273.

68. Quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe Inventing Eastern Europe, 127, 130.

69. Lettere Lettere, 175, 15 Mar. 1787.

70. Zimmerman, 247, 22 Apr. 1787.

71. Grimm, 393, 8 Feb. 1787; Khrapovitskii, 28, 20 Mar.; Montefiore, 35762.