Chapter 9 NAA, Photo Lot 83-15.

Chapter 9 Academic Press.

Chapter 9 Anna C. Roosevelt.

Chapter 9 (l) Museum of World Culture, Goteborg, Sweden (photo by Hakan Berg); (r) Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de So Paulo (photo by Wagner Souza e Silva) Chapter 10 (r, l) Harris H. Wilder Papers, Smith College Archives, Smith College Chapter 10 AMNH, Neg. no. 334717 (photo by Shippee-Johnson Expedition)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

In putting together this book I worked under the shadow of great travelers, scientists, and historians ranging from William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman, and John Lloyd Stephens in the nineteenth century to (I cite only a sampler) William Cronon, Alfred W. Crosby, William M. Denevan, Francis Jennings, John Hemming, Claude Levi-Strauss, Roderick Nash, and Carl Sauer in the twentieth and twenty-first. The comparison is daunting. Luckily, I have been able to benefit from the advice, encouragement, and criticism of many scholars, beginning with Crosby and Denevan themselves. A number of researchers read the draft manuscript in part or whole, a great kindness for which I thank Crosby, Denevan, William Balee, Clark Erickson, Susanna Hecht, Frances Karttunen, George Lovell, Michael Moseley, James Petersen, and William I. Woods. Although they helped me enormously, the book is mine in the end, as are its remaining errors of fact and balance.

I am grateful to all the researchers who were kind enough to put aside their doubts long enough to help a journalist, but in addition to those mentioned above I would especially like to thank-for favors, insights, or just the gift of time-Helcio Amiral, Flavio Aragon Cuevas, Charles Clement, Michael Crawford, Winifred Creamer, Vine Deloria Jr., Henry F. Dobyns, Elizabeth Fenn, Stuart Fiedel, Susan deFrance, Jonathan Haas, Susanna Hecht, Charles Kay, Patricia Lyon, Beata Madari, David Meltzer, Len Morse-Fortier, Michael Moseley, Eduardo Neves, Hugo Perales, Amado Ramirez Leyva, Anna C. Roosevelt, Nelsi N. Sadeck, the late Wim Sombroek, Russell Thornton, Alexei Vranich, Patrick Ryan Williams, and a host of Bolivian, Brazilian, Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. graduate students. My gratitude to the editors of the magazines in which bits of 1491 first appeared: Corby Kummer, Cullen Murphy, Sue Parilla, Bill Whitworth, and the late Mike Kelly at The Atlantic Monthly; Tim Appenzeller, Elizabeth Culotta, Colin Norman, and Leslie Roberts at Science; David Shipley and Carmel McCoubrey at the New York Times; Nancy Franklin at Harvard Design Magazine; and George Lovell at Journal of the Southwest.

For library access, travel tips, withering critiques, friendly encouragement at psychologically critical times, and a daunting list of other favors I owe debts to Bob Crease, Josh D'Aluisio-Guerreri, Dan Farmer (and all the folks on the fish.com listservs), Dave Freedman, Judy Hooper, Pam Hunter (and Carl, too, of course), Toichiro and Masa Kinoshita, Steve Mann, Cassie Phillips, Ellen Shell, Neal Stephenson, Gary Taubes, Dick Teresi, and Zev Trachtenberg. Newell Blair Mann was a boon traveling companion in Bolivia and Brazil; Bruce Bergethon indulged me by coming to Cahokia; Peter Menzel went with me to Mexico four times. Jim Boyce helped get me to Oaxaca and CIMMYT. Nick Springer provided a design for the rough maps that Tim Gibson and I put together. Stephen S. Hall was really, really patient and really, really helpful about the immune system. Ify and Ekene Nwokoye tried at various times to keep me organized. Brooke Childs worked on photo permissions. Mark Plummer provided me with far too many favors to list. The same for Rick Balkin (the fifth book for which he has done so). June Kinoshita and Tod Machover allowed me to finish Chapter 4 in their carriage house in Waltham. My deepest gratitude to Faith D'Aluisio and Peter Menzel, who let my family and me stay in their guesthouse in Napa, where Chapters 6 through 8 emerged into the world. Caroline Mann read an early draft and provided many useful comments. Last-minute help from Dennis Normile and the Foreign Correspondents Club of Tokyo is hereby recognized and thanked.

I am lucky in my publishers, Knopf in the United States and Granta in the United Kingdom. In this, our third book together, Jon Segal at Knopf demonstrated his mastery of not only the traditional pencil skills of the classic editor but also the new techniques the times require to send a book on its way. In addition, I must doff my beret in Borzoi land to Kevin Bourke, Romeo Enriquez, Ida Giragossian, Andy Hughes, and Virginia Tan. At Granta, Sara Holloway gave excellent advice and tolerated repeated auctorial meddling and procrastination. So many other people in so many places pulled strings on my behalf, tolerated repeated phone calls, arranged site visits, edited or checked manuscripts, and sent me hard-to-find articles and books that I could not possibly list them all. I hope that in the end this book seems to them worth the trouble.

CHARLES C. MANN.

1491.

Charles C. Mann is a correspondent for Science and The Atlantic Monthly, and has cowritten four previous books, including Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species and The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics. A three-time National Magazine Award finalist, he has won awards from the American Bar Association, the Margaret Sanger Foundation, the American Institute of Physics, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, among others. His writing was twice selected for both The Best American Science Writing and The Best American Science and Nature Writing. He lives with his wife and their children in Amherst, Massachusetts.

ALSO BY CHARLES C. MANN.

@ Large: The Strange Case of the World's Biggest Internet Invasion (1997)

(with David H. Freedman)

Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species (1995)

(with Mark L. Plummer)

The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine and 100 Years of Rampant Competition (1993)

(with Mark L. Plummer)

The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics (1987)

(with Robert P. Crease)

ACCLAIM FOR CHARLES C. MANN'S 1491.

A Time Magazine * Boston Globe * Salon * San Jose Mercury News Discover Magazine * San Francisco Chronicle * USA Today New York Sun * Times Literary Supplement * New York Times Best Book of the Year

"A journalistic masterpiece: lively, engaging.... A wonderfully provocative and informative book."

-The New York Review of Books "Provocative.... A Jared Diamondlike volley that challenges prevailing thinking about global development. Mann has chronicled an important shift in our vision of world development, one our young children could end up studying in their textbooks when they reach junior high."

-San Francisco Chronicle "Engagingly written and utterly absorbing.... Exciting and entertaining.... Mann has produced a book that's part detective story, part epic and part tragedy. He has taken on a vast topic: thousands of years, two huge continents and cultures that range from great urban complexes to small clusters of villages, a diversity so rich that our shorthand word for the people who inhabited the Americas-Indians-has never seemed more inadequate or inaccurate."

-San Jose Mercury News "Marvelous.... A revelation.... Our concept of pure wilderness untouched by grubby human hands must now be jettisoned."

-The New York Sun "Mann does not present his thesis as an argument for unrestrained development. It is an argument, though, for human management of natural lands and against what he calls the 'ecological nihilism' of insisting that forests be wholly untouched."

-The Seattle Times "A must-read survey course of pre-Columbian history-current, meticulously researched, distilling volumes into single chapters to give general readers a broad view of the subject."

-The Providence Journal "Eminently evenhanded and engaging.... Mann's colorful commentary sets the right tone: scholarly but hip."

-St. Petersburg Times "Concise and brilliantly entertaining.... Reminiscent of John McPhee's eloquence with scientific detail and Jared Diamond's paradigm-shifting ambition.... Makes me think of history in a new way."

-Jim Rossi, Los Angeles Times "Engrossing.... Sift[s] adroitly through the accumulating evidence and the academic disputes. 1491 should be required reading in all high school and university world history courses."

-Foreign Affairs "An excellent bit of missionary work in relieving the general ignorance in the West about these once-great American cultures.... Mann has a facility for translating academese into laymen's language and for writing about scientific complexities with a light hand.... There is, incidentally, nothing of political correctness in this book other than a recognition of the sensitivity of the issues."

-Literary Review "Monumental.... 1491 is less a self-contained work per se and more an induction ceremony into what, for many readers, promises to be a lifelong obsession with the startling new perspective slowly opening up on this prehistory. What's most shocking about 1491 is the feeling it induces of waking up from a long dream and slowly realizing just how thoroughly one has been duped.... Mann slips in so many fresh, new interpretations of American history that it all adds up to a deeply subversive work."

-Salon "Well-researched and racily written.... Entertainingly readable, universally accessible.... There are few better introductory books on the civilizations of pre-Columbian America, and none so up-to-date"

-The Spectator "[A] triumph.... A fascinating, unconventional account of Indian life in the Americas prior to 1492."

-BusinessWeek FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, OCTOBER 2006.

Copyright 2005, 2006 by Charles C. Mann All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in slightly different form in hardcover in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, in 2005.

Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

Portions of this book have appeared in different forms in The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Design Magazine, Journal of the Southwest, The New York Times, and Science.

Insert credits (clockwise left to right): Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan Peter Menzel/menzelphoto.com; Central Cahokia circa AD 11501200 (detail) by Lloyd K. Townsend courtesy of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site; photograph of chicha seller in Cuzco (detail), 1921, by Martin Chambi courtesy of Julia Chambi and Teo Allain Chambi, Archivo Fotografico Martin Chambi, Cusco, Peru; Community Life at Cahokia (detail) by Michael Hampshire courtesy of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site; Ruins in Machu Picchu Peter Menzel/menzelphoto.com; The Grolier Codex (detail), photograph Justin Kerr; reed boat (detail) Paul Harmon, Qala Yampu Project, www.reedboat.org; photograph of Inka ruin Winay Wayna (detail) by Martin Chambi courtesy of Julia Chambi and Teo Allain Chambi, Archivo Fotografico Martin Chambi, Cusco, Peru; Landrace maize from Oaxaca (detail) Peter Menzel/menzelphoto.com; sixteenth-century Mexica drawing of smallpox (detail) from the Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espana, vol. 4, book 12, plate 114 by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun/Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Santa Fe, N.M.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Indians-Origin. 2. Indians-History. 3. Indians-Antiquities. 4. America-Antiquities.

I. Title.

E61.m266 2005 970.01'1-dc22 2004061547 eISBN-13: 978-0-307-27818-0 eISBN-10: 0-307-27818-2 Author photograph J.D. Sloan www.vintagebooks.com v1.0 *1 According to Joseph Conrad, the violence was of culinary origin. "The Noble Red Man was a mighty hunter," explained the great novelist, "but his wives had not mastered the art of conscientious cookery-and the consequences were deplorable. The Seven Nations around the Great Lakes and the Horse tribes of the plains were but one vast prey to raging dyspepsia." Because their lives were blighted by "the morose irritability which follows the consumption of ill-cooked food," they were continually prone to quarrels.

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*2 In the United States and parts of Europe the name is "corn." I use "maize" because Indian maize-multicolored and mainly eaten after drying and grinding-is strikingly unlike the sweet, yellow, uniform kernels usually evoked in North America by the name "corn." In Britain, "corn" can mean the principal cereal crop in a region-oats in Scotland, for example, are sometimes referred to by the term.

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*3 The Mayflower passengers are often called "Puritans," but they disliked the name. Instead they used terms like "separatists," because they separated themselves from the Church of England, or "saints," because their church, patterned on the early Christian church, was the "church of saints." "Pilgrims" is the title preferred by the Society of Mayflower Descendants.

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