Franklin: Johansen 1987:4042.

Indian freedoms: Josephy ed. 1993:29.

"Every man": Quoted in Venables 1992:235.

"such absolute": Colden 1747:100.

Perrot, Hennepin, Jesuit on Indian liberty: Quoted in Jaenen 1976:88 (Jesuit), 89 (Perrot), 92 (Hennepin).

Lahontan: Lahontan 1703 (vol. 2):8.

Montaigne: Montaigne 1991:233.

Greater attractiveness of native lives: Axtell 1975; Wilson 1999:67 (fleeing Jamestown). Axtell's conclusions were sharply critiqued in Vaughan and Richter 1980; Axtell's response (1981:351) was convincing, at least to me. See also Calloway 1986; Treckel and Axtell 1976.

Pilgrims dismayed by renegades: Salisbury 1982:12833.

"When an Indian": Quoted in Axtell 1975:57.

"troubled the power elite": Jaenen 1976:95.

Appendixes "I abhor": Quoted at http://www.russellmeans.com/russell.html.

Insulting names: This is a separate issue from the use of Indian references on geographical features and U.S. sports teams, some of which have long annoyed Indians. Various efforts have been made to ban the use of "squaw," for example, as in Squaw Valley, home of a big ski resort in California, on the grounds that the word is a vulgar term for the vagina used to demean native women. Most linguists do not believe this is true. Still, the use of specific terms for the women of an ethnic group rings oddly these days-one can't imagine a resort called Jewess or Negress Valley. Redskin, as in the Washington Redskins, the football team of the U.S. capital, also seems unhappily anachronistic. According to the team, the name is intended to celebrate Indians' warrior spirit, a good quality, and is therefore not derogatory. But it seems like calling a dance troupe the New York Pickaninnies and saying the name is intended to extol African Americans' innate sense of rhythm, a good quality.

"snowshoe," "people who": Goddard 1984; Mailhot 1978.

Crosby on civilization: Crosby 2002:71. See also, Wright 2005:3233.

"'Tribe' and 'chiefdom'": Kehoe 2002:245.

Khipu: For a brief overview, see Mann 2003.

"resembles a mop": Joseph 1992:28.

Governor consults khipu: Collapina, Supno et al. 1921.

Khipu are banned: Urton 2003:22, 49.

Locke and Mead on khipu: Mead 1923 ("the mystery", n.p.). Locke (1923:32) shared Mead's view: "The evidence is intrinsically against the supposition that the quipu was a conventional scheme of writing" (italics in original). For another early attempt at decipherment, see Nordenskiold 1979.

"Inka had no writing": Fagan 1991:50.

Aschers' work: Interview, R. Ascher ("clearly non-numerical"); Ascher and Ascher 1997:87 ("rapidly developing").

Urton and khipu writing: Urton 2003.

Breakdown of khipu meaning units: Urton 2003:chaps. 25 ("system of coding information...binary code," 1; comparison with Sumer, Maya, Egypt, 11718).

Khipu placename deciphered: Urton and Brezine 2005.

Miccinelli documents: Laurencich-Minelli 2001; Laurencich-Minelli et al. 1998, 1995; Zoppi 2000.

Tentative decipherment: Urton 2001.

Charles VIII and European syphilis epidemic: Baker and Armelagos 1988:708.

"lyen in fire": Quoted in Crosby 2003:12526.

Darwinian predictions about diseases: Ewald 1996:chap. 3. More precisely, nonvectorborne microorganisms evolve toward moderate malignity.

Diaz and Las Casas: Williams, Rice, and Lacayo 1927:690 ("origin"). My thanks to June Kinoshita for helping me obtain this article. On the origin of syphilis, Las Casas was unequivocal: "From the beginning, two things did and do afflict the Spanish on this island [Hispaniola]: the first is the sickness of the bubas [pustules], which in Italy is called the French disease. And I know for the truth that it came from this island or from when the first Indians came here, when Admiral Christopher Columbus returned with the news of the discovery of the Indies, which I saw in Seville, and they were stuck rotting in Spain, infecting the air or some other route, or else there were some Spanish with the disease among the first returnees to Castille." Las Casas also says the epidemic began during the war in Naples (Las Casas 1992 [vol. 6]:36162).

Recent syphilis findings: Rothschild and Rothschild 2000 (Colorado); 1996 (U.S. and Ecuador); Rothschild et al. 2000b (Caribbean). See also, Rogan and Lentz 1994, cited in Arriaza 1995:78.

Evidence for early European syphilis: E.g., Pearson 1924 (suggesting that Bruce's recently excavated skeleton and deathmask support a diagnosis of syphilis, rather than leprosy); Power 1992 (I am grateful to Robert Crease for making it possible for me to obtain this source); Stirland 1995:10915. News reports indicate that other such skeletons exist, too, though some have not yet appeared in the scholarly literature (e.g., Studd 2001; Barr 2000). In the past, though, few of "the numerous cases of pre-Columbian Old World syphilis...have withstood reexamination" (Baker and Armelagos 1988:710).

Universal presence of syphilis: Hudson 1965a, 1965b.

Confusion with Hansen's disease: Baker and Armelagos 1988:70607.

Historians' motives: Crosby, "Preface to the 2003 Edition," in 2003b:xix.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ABBREVIATIONS.

AA.

American Anthropologist AmAnt American Antiquity AJHG.

American Journal of Human Genetics AAAG.

Annals of the Association of American Geographers CA.

Current Anthropology HE.

Human Ecology JAH.

Journal of American History JAR.

Journal of Archaeological Research JB.

Journal of Biogeography LAA.

Latin American Antiquity NH.

Natural History NYT.

New York Times PNAS.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences QI.

Quaternary International QR.

Quaternary Research QSR.

Quaternary Science Reviews WA.

World Archaeology WMQ.

William and Mary Quarterly Abbott, C. C. 1892a. "Paleolithic Man: A Last Word." Science 20:34445.

---. 1892b. "Paleolithic Man in North America." Science 20:27071.

---. 1884. "The Intelligence of Snakes." Science 3:25356.

---. 1883a. "The Intelligence of Birds." Science 2:30103.

---. 1883b. "The Intelligence of Fish." Science 1:32728.

---. 1876. "Indications of the Antiquity of the Indians of North America, Derived from a Study of Their Relics." American Naturalist 10:6572.

---. 1872a, and 1872b. "The Stone Age in New Jersey." American Naturalist, part 1, 6:14460; part 2, 6:199229.

Abbott, M. B., et al. 1997. "A 3500 14C yr High-Resolution Record of Water-Level Changes in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru." QR 47:16980.

Abrams, E., and R. Rue. 1988. "The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation Among the Prehistoric Maya." HE 14:37799.

Ackerman, F., et al. 2002. "Environmental Impacts of the Changes in US-Mexico Corn Trade Under NAFTA." Unpub. ms., 15 May.

Acosta, J. D. 2002. Natural and Moral History of the Indies. Trans. F. M. Lopez-Morillas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press (1590).

Adams, C. F. 189293. Three Episodes of Massachusetts History. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. () Adams, R. E. W., and R. C. Jones. 1981. "Spatial Patterns and Regional Growth Among Classic Maya Cities." AmAnt 46:30122.

Adovasio, J. M., and J. Page. 2003. The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery. New York: Modern Library.

Alexander, E. 1994. The Holocaust and the War of Ideas. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Alfimov, A. V., and D. I. Berman. 2001. "Beringian Climate During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene." QSR 20:12734.

Algaze, G. 1993. The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Alley, R. B. 2000. "Ice-Core Evidence of Rapid Climate Changes." PNAS 97:133134.

Allison, M. J. 1985. "Chile's Ancient Mummies." NH (October):7481.

Alsoszatai-Petheo, J. 1986. "An Alternative Paradigm for the Study of Early Man in the New World," in Bryan 1986, 1523.

Alva, W., and C. B. Donnan. 1993. Royal Tombs of Sipan. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Anderson, E. 1984. "Who's Who in the Pleistocene: A Mammalian Bestiary," in Martin and Klein 1984, 4089.

Anderson, E. C., et al. 1947a. "Natural Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation." Physical Review 72:93136.

---. 1947b. "Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation." Science 105:57677.

Anderson, S., et al. 1981. "Sequence and Organization of the Human Mitochondrial Genome." Nature 290:45765.

Anello Oliva, G. 1998. Historia del Reino y Provincias del Peru y Vidas de los Varones Insignes de la Compania de Jesus. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (1631).

Anon. 2003. "Whiteman, James" (obituary). Clovis (N.M.) News Journal, 23 Sep.

---. 1994. "Leyenda de los Soles." Trans. T. Sullivan. In Sullivan and Knab 1994, 6281.

---. 1982. El Maiz, Fundamento de la Cultura Popular Mexicana. Mexico City: Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares.

---. 1979. "Occurents in Newfoundland," 1 Sep. 16121 Apr. 1613, in D. B. Quinn, ed., New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612. New York: Arno, 4:15778.

---. 1932. "Arrowheads Found with New Mexican Fossils." Science 36:12a13a.

---. 1928. "Trace American Man Back 15,000 Years." NYT, 23 Sep., N1.

---. 1743. "Extract of a Spanish Relations Containing the Life and Death of Father Cypriano Baraze of the Society of Jesus, Founder of the Mission of Mojos in Peru," in J. Lockman, ed., Travels of the Jesuits into Various Parts of the World. London: John Noon, 2:43768 (1703).

Anon., ed. 1998a. Anuario Estadistico del Estado de Chiapas. Aguascalientes, Ags.: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica.

---. 1998b. Anuario Estadistico del Estado de Oaxaca. Aguascalientes, Ags.: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica.

---. 1963. Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Bedford, MA: Applewood (1622). (*) Arber, E., ed. 1885. The First Three English Books on America, [?1511]1555 A.D. Birmingham, UK: Turnbull & Spears.

Arber, E., and A. G. Bradley, eds. 1910. Travels and Works of Captain John Smith: President of Virginia and Admiral of New England, 15801631. 2 vols. Edinburgh: John Grant.

Aries, P. 1962. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Knopf.

Arnold, D. 2000. "'Illusory Riches': Representations of the Tropical World, 18401950." Singapore Journal of Tropical Ecology 21:618.

Arnold, J. R., and W. F. Libby. 1949. "Age Determinations by Radiocarbon Content: Checks with Samples of Known Age." Science 110:67880.

Arnold, P. J., III. 2003. "Early Formative Pottery from the Tuxtla Mountains and Implications for Gulf Olmec Origins." LAA 14:2946.

Arriaza, B. T. 1995. Beyond Death: The Chinchorro Mummies of Ancient Chile. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.

Arriaza, B. T., et al. 2001. "The Peopling of the Arica Coast During the Preceramic: A Preliminary View." Chungara (Arica, Chile) 33:3136.

Ascher, R., and M. Ascher. 1997. Code of the Quipu. New York: Dover (1981).

Audubon, J. J. 1871. The Birds of America, from Drawings Made in the United States and Their Territories. 5 vols. New York: G. R. Lockwood.