The Pill Puzzle rests on metaphysical problems of freely choosing, without a platform of wants. See Gary Watson's Tree Will, Tree Will, 2nd edn (Oxford: OUP 2003). A 'chicken and egg' worry: Louise M. Antony, ed., 2nd edn (Oxford: OUP 2003). A 'chicken and egg' worry: Louise M. Antony, ed., PhilosopherswithoutG.o.ds PhilosopherswithoutG.o.ds (Oxford: OUP 2007), reminds me of David Owens' talk containing a pill story. Mine derives, I think, from my old BBC pilot sketch and related tales played over the years. Still, Owens' excellent 'future pharmacy' is in his 'Disenchantment' in Antony's collection. Owens fights the thought that science could explain everything, undermining all values. A quick reflection is: science itself rests on a truth-seeking value. (Oxford: OUP 2007), reminds me of David Owens' talk containing a pill story. Mine derives, I think, from my old BBC pilot sketch and related tales played over the years. Still, Owens' excellent 'future pharmacy' is in his 'Disenchantment' in Antony's collection. Owens fights the thought that science could explain everything, undermining all values. A quick reflection is: science itself rests on a truth-seeking value.

Chapter 4 In no time at all.

Time baffles. A recent work is Robin le Poidevin, Thelmages ofTime Thelmages ofTime (Oxford: OUP 2007). St Augustine's bafflement is in his (Oxford: OUP 2007). St Augustine's bafflement is in his Confessions, Confessions, trans. F. J. Sheed (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006). trans. F. J. Sheed (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006).

For a fine introduction and survey concerning the many complexities of infinite divisibility and more, see Adrian Moore, Thelnfinite, Thelnfinite, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2001). 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2001).

Chapter 5 Man with pulley: waving or drowning?.

The teeth-clenching example is from Elizabeth Ans...o...b..: see G. E. M. Ans...o...b.., Intention Intention (Oxford: Blackwell, 1957). Ans...o...b.. was a highly eccentric philosopher - a student, friend, and translator of Wittgenstein. She gained the philosophy chair that Wittgenstein once held. In 1970-80s Cambridge, there was also Bernard Williams, the other Cambridge philosophy professor (professorships then were rare). Philosophical seminars contained some clashes of character: atheist, quick-witted, humorous, and debonair Williams and the Catholic, meditative, somewhat shabby Ans...o...b... Both made significant philosophical contributions. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1957). Ans...o...b.. was a highly eccentric philosopher - a student, friend, and translator of Wittgenstein. She gained the philosophy chair that Wittgenstein once held. In 1970-80s Cambridge, there was also Bernard Williams, the other Cambridge philosophy professor (professorships then were rare). Philosophical seminars contained some clashes of character: atheist, quick-witted, humorous, and debonair Williams and the Catholic, meditative, somewhat shabby Ans...o...b... Both made significant philosophical contributions.

For a sense of Ans...o...b..'s earlier lifestyle, when at Oxford, see Mary Warnock, AMemoir AMemoir (London: Duckworth, 2000). Bernard Williams' (London: Duckworth, 2000). Bernard Williams' Descartes Descartes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978) has a discussion of willing. 'Waving or drowning' derives from the Stevie Smith poem. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978) has a discussion of willing. 'Waving or drowning' derives from the Stevie Smith poem.

Chapter 6 'Hi, I'm Sir Isaac Newton - don't mention the apples'

This tale is essentially Bernard Williams's duplicate Guy Fawkes: see ProblemsoftheSelf ProblemsoftheSelf (Cambridge: CUP, 1973). See also Derek Parfit, (Cambridge: CUP, 1973). See also Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). John Locke, in the seventeenth century, is a key figure, with tales of a prince entering a cobbler's body, or was it a frog's? See also references for Chapter 18. Julian Mayers is to be blamed for my succ.u.mbing to the name 'Aussie' and the gravity of the tale. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984). John Locke, in the seventeenth century, is a key figure, with tales of a prince entering a cobbler's body, or was it a frog's? See also references for Chapter 18. Julian Mayers is to be blamed for my succ.u.mbing to the name 'Aussie' and the gravity of the tale.

Chapter 7 Should we save the jerboa?.

I have spoken of 'species' loosely, as in everyday speech. Details of biological cla.s.sifications, whereby, for example, there are different species of a genus and different genera of a family, are unnecessary here.

Animal defenders and 'green' conservationists may come into conflict. See John Benson, EnvironmentalEthics EnvironmentalEthics (London: Routledge, 2000) and Christopher Belshaw, (London: Routledge, 2000) and Christopher Belshaw, Environmental Philosophy Environmental Philosophy (Teddington: Ac.u.men, 2001). (Teddington: Ac.u.men, 2001).

A lighter tone is set by Archy, a c.o.c.kroach but one-time poet, and Mehitabel, allegedly Cleopatra reincarnated as a cat. Archy bemoans the lack of concern for his species, in Don Marquis, TheArchjandMehitabelOmnibus TheArchjandMehitabelOmnibus (London: Faber, 1998). Archy and we are objecting to speciesism, to discriminating against other species without good justification. (London: Faber, 1998). Archy and we are objecting to speciesism, to discriminating against other species without good justification.

Chapter 8 When one makes two: dressing up.You may admire and loathe one and the same person - for you fail to realize he is one and the same. So, that person has both the relational properties of being loathed and not loathed by you. This 'referential opacity' occurs when psychological att.i.tudes such as beliefs, or modal properties such as necessities, are present. Jennifer Saul, though, through tales of Clark Kent entering a booth and Superman departing, highlighted ident.i.ty problems, in the absence of att.i.tudes and modalities. See SimpleSentences, Subst.i.tution, andlntuitions SimpleSentences, Subst.i.tution, andlntuitions (Oxford: Clarendon, 2007). (Oxford: Clarendon, 2007).

The difference between what is strictly said and what is conveyed was stressed by H. P. Grice via conversational implicatures; he also spoke of files or dossiers being a.s.sociated with proper names. A good overall discussion is by Laurence Goldstein in R. Haller and K. Puhl, eds, Wittgenstein and the Future ofPhilosophj Wittgenstein and the Future ofPhilosophj (Vienna: obv & hpt, 2002). (Vienna: obv & hpt, 2002).

Chapter 9 The life model: beauty, burglars, and beholders.

The window cleaner is from J. L. Austin's 'Pretending' in Philosophical Papers Philosophical Papers (Oxford: OUP 1970). (Oxford: OUP 1970).

The traditional nude/naked distinction is in Kenneth Clark's The Nude The Nude (London: Murray, 1956). Many nudes have shocked conservative academies. Manet's (London: Murray, 1956). Many nudes have shocked conservative academies. Manet's Olympia Olympia was viewed as subverting the purity of t.i.tian's was viewed as subverting the purity of t.i.tian's Venus, Venus, Olympia being portrayed as s.e.xual, available, a prost.i.tute - a 'female gorilla' sneered some. For some shocked receptions of nudes, see T. J. Clark, Olympia being portrayed as s.e.xual, available, a prost.i.tute - a 'female gorilla' sneered some. For some shocked receptions of nudes, see T. J. Clark, The The Painting of Modern Life (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985): many thanks to Derek Matravers for this reference. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985): many thanks to Derek Matravers for this reference.

Elaine Scarry links aesthetics and ethics in On Beauty and Beingfust On Beauty and Beingfust (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ., 1999). Voltaire tells of how differently a toad would conceive of beauty. Archy, the c.o.c.kroach, in Chapter 7's notes, offers a c.o.c.kroach's view. Archy needs to be better known. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ., 1999). Voltaire tells of how differently a toad would conceive of beauty. Archy, the c.o.c.kroach, in Chapter 7's notes, offers a c.o.c.kroach's view. Archy needs to be better known.

Chapter 10 An offer you can only refuse.

The Placebo Paradox derives from my 'Too Self-fulfilling', a.n.a.lysis, a.n.a.lysis, 61 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). Even when patients are told that they will receive placebos, recovery rates may still improve compared to when receiving no pills. There will, of course, be similar puzzles concerning malebos, where what is given is believed to make things worse - my pessimistic thought. 61 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001). Even when patients are told that they will receive placebos, recovery rates may still improve compared to when receiving no pills. There will, of course, be similar puzzles concerning malebos, where what is given is believed to make things worse - my pessimistic thought.

Chapter 11 Slothful Sloth speaks: 'What will be, will be'.

Cicero, in De Fato De Fato, speaks of the Lazy Argument as from Chrysippus of Soli, a Stoic philosopher, third century bc. Chrysippus apparently defended cannibalism and incest. For accessible related discussion, orientated to Aristotle, see Richard Sorabji, Necessity, Cause, and Blame Necessity, Cause, and Blame (London: Duckworth, 1980). Contemporary argument is in Peter van Inwagen, (London: Duckworth, 1980). Contemporary argument is in Peter van Inwagen, An Essay on Free Will An Essay on Free Will (Oxford: OUP, 1983). (Oxford: OUP, 1983).

Chapter 12 'Women and men are equal' - really?.

This derives from a collection, John Stuart Mill on* John Stuart Mill on* (London: BHA, 2006) edited by me. More detail is in Cristian Ducu and Valentin Muresan, eds, (London: BHA, 2006) edited by me. More detail is in Cristian Ducu and Valentin Muresan, eds, JohnStuartMill 1806-2006 International Conference JohnStuartMill 1806-2006 International Conference (Bucharest: Univ. of Bucharest, 2007). (Bucharest: Univ. of Bucharest, 2007).

Some distinguish between s.e.x and gender, but the thinking is confused: see Jennifer Saul, 'Gender and Race', ProceedingsoftheAristotelianSociety ProceedingsoftheAristotelianSociety, suppl. 80 (London: Aristotelian Soc., 2006).The Schopenhauer is from his essays (many editions). For lifespan satire and equality myths, see respectively John Kekes, Against Liberalism Against Liberalism and and The Illusions of Egalitarianism The Illusions of Egalitarianism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1997/2003). (Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1997/2003).

Chapter 13 Humpty Dumpty advises Ms Turkey.

Mention of HD's language alludes to Lewis Carroll's Humpty Dumpty (see 'Further reading). Wearing a financial hat topped with philosophy, I once wrote to regulators and investment companies, asking why they allowed past performance figures to be published with 'the past is no guide' - or not necessarily so. Responses were typically evasive or mute.

The good egg Ardon Lyon argues that the past is necessarily a guide: if all is jumbled in the past, then that guides us to expect some future jumbles. An accessible and enjoyable approach, denying that there is a deep problem, is D. H.

Mellor's 'The Warrant of Induction', in Matters ofMetaphysics Matters ofMetaphysics (London: Routledge, 1991). Hume's first offering, 1739, is in (London: Routledge, 1991). Hume's first offering, 1739, is in A Treatise ofHuman Nature A Treatise ofHuman Nature (many editions), 1.3. (many editions), 1.3.

I have not yet seen the question whether the future is a good guide to the past. Is it worth pondering that little conundrum?

Chapter 14 Man or sheep?.

Hobbes's comment appears in Leviathan Leviathan (many editions), I.13. I first heard 'it could be worse' from Jerry Cohen, pa.s.sing it on from - who can remember? David Hume likened us to pa.s.sengers on a ship in the ocean and Ronald Dworkin gave the 'hypothetical contract' jibe. For discussion, see Jean Hampton, (many editions), I.13. I first heard 'it could be worse' from Jerry Cohen, pa.s.sing it on from - who can remember? David Hume likened us to pa.s.sengers on a ship in the ocean and Ronald Dworkin gave the 'hypothetical contract' jibe. For discussion, see Jean Hampton, PoliticalPhilosophy PoliticalPhilosophy (Oxford: Westview, 1997). An historical approach to democracy is John Dunn's (Oxford: Westview, 1997). An historical approach to democracy is John Dunn's Setting the PeopleFree Setting the PeopleFree (London: Atlantic, 2005). For discussion of how the state and religion may co-exist, see my (London: Atlantic, 2005). For discussion of how the state and religion may co-exist, see my Humanism. Humanism.

Chapter 15* and the living is easy.

Bernard Suits and others have sought to define 'game'. Suits also defends the gra.s.shopper's lifestyle. See The Gra.s.shopper: Games, Life and Utopia The Gra.s.shopper: Games, Life and Utopia (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic, 1979). For a brief ant-gra.s.shopper rationality tale, see Martin Hollis, (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic, 1979). For a brief ant-gra.s.shopper rationality tale, see Martin Hollis, Reason in Action Reason in Action (Cambridge: CUP, 1996). Wittgenstein's 'games' example occurs in (Cambridge: CUP, 1996). Wittgenstein's 'games' example occurs in Philosophical Philosophical

Investigations, ed. G. E. M. Ans...o...b.., 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), 66-71. ed. G. E. M. Ans...o...b.., 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), 66-71.

Chapter 16 'My beloved is mine' or or 'The trouble with football is the other team' 'The trouble with football is the other team'

I am indebted to Simon Blackburn's l.u.s.t l.u.s.t (New York: OUP 2004) for some observations. (New York: OUP 2004) for some observations.

I encountered Poppea in Handel's Agrippina, Agrippina, in English National Opera's stunningly modern production, directed by David McVicar, 2007. Lucy Crowe was an outstanding Poppea - though not overweight. The Dryden is from his translation of Lucretius; the Donne is from 'Come, Madam'. Sartre's thoughts are in in English National Opera's stunningly modern production, directed by David McVicar, 2007. Lucy Crowe was an outstanding Poppea - though not overweight. The Dryden is from his translation of Lucretius; the Donne is from 'Come, Madam'. Sartre's thoughts are in Being and Nothingness Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (London: Methuen, 1957). For some unsavoury features of Sartre's life and relationship with Simone de Beauvoir, see Carole Seym our-J ones, A Dangerous Liaison A Dangerous Liaison (London: Century, 2008). (London: Century, 2008).

Welcome, gracefully written works are John Armstrong's Conditions ojLove Conditions ojLove and and The Secret Power ojBeauty The Secret Power ojBeauty (London: Allen Lane, 2002/04). For poetic prose, with (London: Allen Lane, 2002/04). For poetic prose, with SongojSolomon SongojSolomon rhythms, try Elizabeth Smart, rhythms, try Elizabeth Smart, ByGrandCentralStationlSat Down and Wept ByGrandCentralStationlSat Down and Wept (London: Panther, 1966). The (London: Panther, 1966). The Song Song had little original connection with Solomon: see Marcia Falk's had little original connection with Solomon: see Marcia Falk's The Song ojSongs The Song ojSongs (San Francisco: Harper, 1990). A disturbing and awesome piece of eroticism, s.e.xual obsession, and mystery, with Biblical source, is Richard Strauss's music drama (San Francisco: Harper, 1990). A disturbing and awesome piece of eroticism, s.e.xual obsession, and mystery, with Biblical source, is Richard Strauss's music drama Salome, Salome, directed for The Royal Opera, London, by David McVicar (2008). directed for The Royal Opera, London, by David McVicar (2008).

With cannibalism drawing near, I note that Immanuel Kant saw carnal enjoyment as cannibalistic: woman consumed by pregnancy, man by exhaustion.

Chapter 17 G.o.d, chocolate, and Newcomb: take the box?.