Carefully turn back the banking on one side so the jewel pin will just pa.s.s out of the slot in the fork. Repeat this process with the opposite banking; the jewel pin will now pa.s.s out on each side. Be sure the guard pin does not interfere with the fork action in any way. The fork is now in position to conform to the conditions required.

HOW TO ADJUST THE PALLETS TO MATCH THE FORK.

If the escapement is all right, the teeth will have one and a half degrees lock and escape correctly; but in the instance we are considering, the stone will not permit the teeth to pa.s.s, and must be pushed in until they will. It is not a very difficult matter after we have placed the parts together so we can see exactly how much the pallet protrudes beyond what is necessary, to judge how far to push it back when we have it out and heated. There is still an "if" in the problem we are considering, which lies in the fact that the fork we are experimenting with may be too short for the jewel pin to engage it for ten degrees of angular motion.

This condition a man of large experience will be able to judge of very closely, but the better plan for the workman is to make for himself a test gage for the angular movement of the fork. Of course it will be understood that with a fork which engages the roller for eight degrees of fork action, such fork will not give good results with pallets ground for ten degrees of pallet action; still, in many instances, a compromise can be effected which will give results that will satisfy the owner of a watch of moderate cost, and from a financial point of view it stands the repairer in hand to do no more work than is absolutely necessary to keep him well pleased.

We have just made mention of a device for testing the angular motion of the lever. Before we take up this matter, however, we will devote a little time and attention to the subject of jewel pins and how to set them. We have heretofore only considered jewel pins of one form, that is, a round jewel pin with two-fifths cut away. We a.s.sumed this form from the fact that experience has demonstrated that it is the most practicable and efficient form so far devised or applied. Subsequently we shall take up the subject of jewel pins of different shapes.

HOW TO SET A JEWEL PIN AS IT SHOULD BE.

Many workmen have a mortal terror of setting a jewel pin and seem to fancy that they must have a specially-devised instrument for accomplishing this end. Most American watches have the hole for the jewel pin "a world too wide" for it, and we have heard repeated complaints from this cause. Probably the original object of this accommodating sort of hole was to favor or obviate faults of pallet action. Let us suppose, for ill.u.s.tration, that we have a roller with the usual style of hole for a jewel pin which will take almost anything from the size of a No. 12 sewing needle up to a round French clock pallet.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 65]

We are restricted as regards the proper size of jewel pin by the width of the slot in the fork. Selecting a jewel which just fits the fork, we can set it as regards its relation to the staff so it will cause the pitch circle of the jewel pin to coincide with either of dotted circles _a_ or _a'_, Fig. 65. This will perhaps be better understood by referring to Fig. 66, which is a view of Fig. 65 seen in the direction of the arrow _c_. Here we see the roller jewel at _D_, and if we bring it forward as far as the hole in the roller will permit, it will occupy the position indicated at the dotted lines; and if we set it in (toward the staff) as far as the hole will allow, it will occupy the position indicated by the full outline.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 66]

Now such other condition might very easily exist, that bringing the jewel pin forward to the position indicated by the dotted lines at _D_, Fig. 66, would remedy the defect described and ill.u.s.trated at Fig. 64 without any other change being necessary. We do not a.s.sert, understand, that a hole too large for the jewel pin is either necessary or desirable--what we wish to convey to the reader is the necessary knowledge so that he can profit by such a state if necessary. A hole which just fits the jewel pin so the merest film of cement will hold it in place is the way it should be; but we think it will be some time before such rollers are made, inasmuch as economy appears to be a chief consideration.

ABOUT JEWEL-PIN SETTERS.

To make a jewel-pin setter which will set a jewel pin straight is easy enough, but to devise any such instrument which will set a jewel so as to perfectly accord with the fork action is probably not practicable.

What the workman needs is to know from examination when the jewel pin is in the proper position to perform its functions correctly, and he can only arrive at this knowledge by careful study and thought on the matter. If we make up our minds on examining a watch that a jewel pin is "set too wide," that is, so it carries the fork over too far and increases the lock to an undue degree, take out the balance, remove the hairspring, warm the roller with a small alcohol lamp, and then with the tweezers move the jewel pin in toward the staff.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 67]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 68]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 69]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 70]

No attempt should be made to move a jewel pin unless the cement which holds the jewel is soft, so that when the parts cool off the jewel is as rigid as ever. A very little practice will enable any workman who has the necessary delicacy of touch requisite to ever become a good watchmaker, to manipulate a jewel pin to his entire satisfaction with no other setter than a pair of tweezers and his eye, with a proper knowledge of what he wants to accomplish. To properly heat a roller for truing up the jewel pin, leave it on the staff, and after removing the hairspring hold the balance by the rim in a pair of tweezers, "flashing it" back and forth through the flame of a rather small alcohol lamp until the rim of the balance is so hot it can just be held between the thumb and finger, and while at this temperature the jewel pin can be pressed forward or backward, as ill.u.s.trated in Fig. 66, and then a touch or two will set the pin straight or parallel with the staff. Figs. 68 and 69 are self-explanatory. For cementing in a jewel pin a very convenient tool is shown at Figs. 67 and 70. It is made of a piece of copper wire about 1/16" in diameter, bent to the form shown at Fig. 67.

The ends _b b_ of the copper wire are flattened a little and recessed on their inner faces, as shown in Fig. 70, to grasp the edges of the roller _A_. The heat of an alcohol lamp is applied to the loop of the wire at _g_ until the small bit of sh.e.l.lac placed in the hole _h_ melts. The necessary small pieces of sh.e.l.lac are made by warming a bit of the gum to near the melting point and then drawing the softened gum into a filament the size of horse hair. A bit of this broken off and placed in the hole _h_ supplies the cement necessary to fasten the jewel pin.

Figs. 68 and 69 will, no doubt, a.s.sist in a clear understanding of the matter.

HOW TO MAKE AN ANGLE-MEASURING DEVICE.

We will now resume the consideration of the device for measuring the extent of the angular motion of the fork and pallets. Now, before we take this matter up in detail we wish to say, or rather repeat what we have said before, which is to the effect that ten degrees of fork and lever action is not imperative, as we can get just as sound an action and precisely as good results with nine and a half or even nine degrees as with ten, if other acting parts are in unison with such an arc of angular motion. The chief use of such an angle-measuring device is to aid in comparing the relative action of the several parts with a known standard.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 71]

For use with full-plate movements about the best plan is a spring clip or clasp to embrace the pallet staff below the pallets. We show at Fig.

71 such a device. To make it, take a rather large size of sewing needle--the kind known as a milliner's needle is about the best. The diameter of the needle should be about No. 2, so that at _b_ we can drill and put in a small screw. It is important that the whole affair should be very light. The length of the needle should be about 1-5/8", in order that from the notch _a_ to the end of the needle _A'_ should be 1". The needle should be annealed and flattened a little, to give a pretty good grasp to the notch _a_ on the pallet staff.

Good judgment is important in making this clamp, as it is nearly impossible to give exact measurements. About 1/40" in width when seen in the direction of the arrow _j_ will be found to be about the right width. The spring _B_ can be made of a bit of mainspring, annealed and filed down to agree in width with the part _A_. In connection with the device shown at Fig. 71 we need a movement-holder to hold the movement as nearly a constant height as possible above the bench. The idea is, when the clamp _A B_ is slipped on the pallet staff the index hand _A'_ will extend outward, as shown in Fig. 72, where the circle _C_ is supposed to represent the top plate of a watch, and _A'_ the index hand.

HOW THE ANGULAR MOTION IS MEASURED.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 72]

Fig. 72 is supposed to be seen from above. It is evident that if we remove the balance from the movement shown at _C_, leaving power on the train, and with an oiling tool or hair broach move the lever back and forth, the index hand _A'_ will show in a magnified manner the angular motion of the lever. Now if we provide an index arc, as shown at _D_, we can measure the extent of such motion from bank to bank.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 73]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 74]

To get up such an index arc we first make a stand as shown at _E F_, Fig. 73. The arc _D_ is made to 1" radius, to agree with the index hand _A'_, and is divided into twelve degree s.p.a.ces, six each side of a zero, as shown at Fig. 74, which is an enlarged view of the index _D_ in Fig. 72. The index arc is attached to a short bit of wire extending down into the support _E_, and made adjustable as to height by the set-screw _l_. Let us suppose the index arc is adjusted to the index hand _A'_, and we move the fork as suggested; you see the hand would show exactly the arc pa.s.sed through from bank to bank, and by moving the stand _E F_ we can arrange so the zero mark on the scale stands in the center of such arc. This, of course, gives the angular motion from bank to bank.

As an experiment, let us close the bankings so they arrest the fork at the instant the tooth drops from each pallet. If this arc is ten degrees, the pallet action is as it should be with the majority of modern watches.

TESTING LOCK AND DROP WITH OUR NEW DEVICE.

Let us try another experiment: We carefully move the fork away from the bank, and if after the index hand has pa.s.sed through one and a half degrees the fork flies over, we know the lock is right. We repeat the experiment from the opposite bank, and in the same manner determine if the lock is right on the other pallets. You see we have now the means of measuring not only the angular motion of the lever, but the angular extent of the lock. At first glance one would say that if now we bring the roller and fork action to coincide and act in unison with the pallet action, we would be all right; and so we would, but frequently this bringing of the roller and fork to agree is not so easily accomplished.

It is chiefly toward this end the Waltham fork is made adjustable, so it can be moved to or from the roller, and also that we can allow the pallet arms to be moved, as we will try and explain. As we set the bankings the pallets are all right; but to test matters, let us remove the hairspring and put the balance in place. Now, if the jewel pin pa.s.ses in and out of the fork, it is to be supposed the fork and roller action is all right. To test the fork and roller action we close the banking a little on one side. If the fork and jewel pin are related to each other as they should be, the jewel pin will not pa.s.s out of the fork, nor will the engaged tooth drop from that pallet. This condition should obtain on both pallets, that is, if the jewel pin will not pa.s.s out of the fork on a given bank the tooth engaged on its pallet should not drop.

We have now come to the most intricate and important problems which relate to the lever escapement. However, we promise our readers that if they will take the pains to follow closely our elucidations, to make these puzzles plain. But we warn them that they are no easy problems to solve, but require good, hard thinking. The readiest way to master this matter is by means of such a model escapement as we have described. With such a model, and the pallets made to clamp with small set-screws, and roller constructed so the jewel pin could be set to or from the staff, this matter can be reduced to object lessons. But study of the due relation of the parts in good drawings will also master the situation.

A FEW EXPERIMENTS WITH OUR ANGLE-MEASURING DEVICE.

In using the little instrument for determining angular motion that we have just described, care must be taken that the spring clamp which embraces the pallet staff does not slip. In order to thoroughly understand the methods of using this angle-measuring device, let us take a further lesson or two.

We considered measuring the amount of lock on each pallet, and advised the removal of the balance, because if we left the balance in we could not readily tell exactly when the tooth pa.s.sed on to the impulse plane; but if we touch the fork lightly with an oiling tool or a hair broach, moving it (the fork) carefully away from the bank and watching the arc indicated by the hand _A_, Fig. 72, we can determine with great exactness the angular extent of lock. The diagram at Fig. 75 ill.u.s.trates how this experiment is conducted. We apply the hair broach to the end of the fork _M_, as shown at _L_, and gently move the fork in the direction of the arrow _i_, watching the hand _A_ and note the number of degrees, or parts of degrees, indicated by the hand as pa.s.sed over before the tooth is unlocked and pa.s.ses on to the impulse plane and the fork flies forward to the opposite bank. Now, the quick movement of the pallet and fork may make the hand mark more or less of an arc on the index than one of ten degrees, as the grasp may slip on the pallet staff; but the arc indicated by the slow movement in unlocking will be correct.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 75]

By taking a piece of sharpened pegwood and placing the point in the slot of the fork, we can test the fork to see if the drop takes place much before the lever rests against the opposite bank. As we have previously stated, the drop from the pallet should not take place until the lever _almost_ rests on the banking pin. What the reader should impress on his mind is that the lever should pa.s.s through about one and a half degrees arc to unlock, and the remainder (eight and a half degrees) of the ten degrees are to be devoted to impulse. But, understand, if the impulse angle is only seven and a half degrees, and the jewel pin acts in accordance with the rules previously given, do not alter the pallet until you know for certain you will gain by it. An observant workman will, after a little practice, be able to determine this matter.

We will next take up the double roller and fork action, and also consider in many ways the effect of less angles of action than ten degrees. This matter now seems of more importance, from the fact that we are desirous to impress on our readers that _there is no valid reason for adopting ten degrees of fork and roller action with the table roller, except that about this number of degrees of action are required to secure a reliable safety action_. With the double roller, as low as six degrees fork and pallet action can be safely employed. In fork and pallet actions below six degrees of angular motion, side-shake in pivot holes becomes a dangerous factor, as will be explained further on. It is perfectly comprehending the action of the lever escapement and then being able to remedy defects, that const.i.tute the master workman.

HOW TO MEASURE THE ANGULAR MOTION OF AN ESCAPE WHEEL.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 76]

We can also make use of our angle-testing device for measuring our escape-wheel action, by letting the clasp embrace the arbor of the escape wheel, instead of the pallet staff. We set the index arc as in our former experiments, except we place the movable index _D_, Fig. 76, so that when the engaged tooth rests on the locking face of a pallet, the index hand stands at the extreme end of our arc of twelve degrees.

We next, with our pointed pegwood, start to move the fork away from the bank, as before, we look sharp and see the index hand move backward a little, indicating the "draw" on the locking face. As soon as the pallet reaches the impulse face, the hand _A_ moves rapidly forward, and if the escapement is of the club-tooth order and closely matched, the hand _A_ will pa.s.s over ten and a half degrees of angular motion before the drop takes place.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 77]