56. Memorandum from the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson, January 27, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 9597. Emphasis in the original.

57. Telegram from the Department of State to the Emba.s.sy in Vietnam, January 30, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 114. The text identifies Bundy as the author of the cable.

58. Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York, 1995), p. 63. (New York, 1995), p. 63.

59. Memorandum from the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson, February 7, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 174181.

60. Paper by the Members of the Bundy Mission (A Policy of Sustained Reprisal), undated [February 8, 1965], FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 184185. Emphasis added.

61. Memorandum for the Record, February 8, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 192197. The author of the memorandum was CIA director John McCone. Bundy was presiding in the president's absence.

62. Memorandum from the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Johnson, February 7, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 175.

63. Memorandum from Senator Mike Mansfield to President Johnson, February 8, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 204.

64. Memorandum from Senator Mike Mansfield to President Johnson, February 8, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 204.

65. Letter from the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to Senator Mike Mansfield, February 9, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 208211.

66. Memorandum from Senator Mike Mansfield to President Johnson, February 10, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 226227. Emphasis in the original.

67. Letter from the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to Senator Mike Mansfield, February 11, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 237238.

68. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest The Best and the Brightest (New York, 1972), p. 462. (New York, 1972), p. 462.

69. Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in Vietnam to the Department of State, February 7, 1965, State, February 7, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 165. The author of this cable was John McNaughton.

70. Telegram from the Commander, Military a.s.sistance Command, Vietnam (Westmoreland) to the Commander in Chief, Pacific (Sharp), February 23, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 351.

71. Telegram from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Wheeler) to the Commander in Chief, Pacific (Sharp), February 27, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 380.

72. Telegram from the Office of the Secretary of Defense to the Emba.s.sy in Vietnam, March 2, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 395.

73. Paper by the a.s.sistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton), March 10, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 430. Emphasis in the original.

74. Johnson Report Outline, March 14, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 439.

75. Memorandum by the President's Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs, March 16, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 447.

76. Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in Vietnam to the Department of State, March 18, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, pp. 454457.

77. Memorandum from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara, March 20, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 466.

78. National Security Action Memorandum No. 328, April 6, 1965, FRUS, Vietnam FRUS, Vietnam, p. 538.

79. Kaplan et al., The McNamara Ascendancy The McNamara Ascendancy, p. 531.

3. THE CREDO RESTORED.

1. J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power The Arrogance of Power (New York, 1966), pp. 34. (New York, 1966), pp. 34.

2. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 3, 15.

3. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 32, 121, 248, 252.

4. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 138, 248.

5. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 14, 21.

6. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 20, 134135, 217.

7. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 5, 127, 185, 199.

8. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 202, 250.

9. Fulbright, Arrogance Arrogance, pp. 253, 256.

10. For an admiring profile, see Howard Jablon, "General David M. Shoup, USMC: Warrior and War Protester," Journal of Military History Journal of Military History 60 (July 1996): 513538. 60 (July 1996): 513538.

11. The quotes come from a speech Shoup made at the Tenth Annual Junior College World Affairs Day, Pierce College, Los Angeles, California, May 14, 1966, reprinted in Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Present Situation in Vietnam Present Situation in Vietnam, March 20, 1968, pp. 4451.

12. "General Shoup Derides U.S. Stand on Vietnam," Washington Post Washington Post, December 19, 1967.

13. For a complete transcript of this exchange, see Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Present Situation in Vietnam Present Situation in Vietnam, March 20, 1968, pp. 144.

14. David M. Shoup, "The New American Militarism," The Atlantic The Atlantic, April 1969.

15. Seymour M. Hersh, "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Anti-War Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years," New York Times New York Times, December 22, 1974, p. A1. This is the story that revealed CIA domestic spying activities.

16. Gerald K. Haines, "The Pike Committee Investigations and the CIA," https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/pdf/v42i5a07p.pdf.

17. Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army History of the United States Army (New York, 1967), p. 569. (New York, 1967), p. 569.

18. "Military Basic Pay and Allowances," http://www.dfas.mil/militarypay/militarypaytables/militarypaypriorrates/1965.pdf.

19. "Withdrawal of Troops Asked," Evening Prescott Evening Prescott [Arizona] [Arizona] Courier Courier, May 16, 1966, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=918&dat=19660516&id=ZP4KAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aFADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4110,354870.

20. Don Oberdorfer, Senator Mansfield Senator Mansfield (New York, 2003), pp. 311313. (New York, 2003), pp. 311313.

21. The War Powers Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-148), http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal22/warpow.htm.

22. For a discussion of the U.S. military reform project after Vietnam, see Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York, 2005), pp. 3468. (New York, 2005), pp. 3468.

23. Anthony Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy: The War, American Society, and the Future of American Foreign Policy The Vietnam Legacy: The War, American Society, and the Future of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1976), p. xxiii. (New York, 1976), p. xxiii.

24. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. 120.

25. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. xii.

26. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. 64.

27. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. 91.

28. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. 354.

29. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, p. 410.

30. Lake, ed., The Vietnam Legacy The Vietnam Legacy, pp. xiii, xvii, xxi.

31. Martin Luther King, "Declaration of Independence from the War in Vietnam," April 1967, www.h-net.org/~hst203/doc.u.ments/King.html.

32. Lest the reader think that Lake's Vietnam Legacy Vietnam Legacy is unique, see also W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell, eds., is unique, see also W. Scott Thompson and Donaldson D. Frizzell, eds., The Lessons of Vietnam The Lessons of Vietnam (New York, 1977). The cast of characters differs, but the approach and the conclusions are the same. (New York, 1977). The cast of characters differs, but the approach and the conclusions are the same.

33. Republican Party Platform of 1980, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showplatforms.php?platindex=R1980. The doc.u.ment contains brief references to the nation of Vietnam, condemning its human rights record.

34. Ronald Reagan, "Address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars Convention in Chicago," August 18, 1980, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85202.

35. "The Munich a.n.a.logy," http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/The-Munich-a.n.a.logy-Reagan-bush-and-the-gulf-war.html.

36. For the record, Clinton fought and lost a war in Somalia, intervened in Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo, and bombed the Sudan, Afghanistan, and Iraq, the latter on innumerable occasions. Clinton's version of maintaining a global military presence included stationing U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, which set the stage for the Khobar Towers bombing of June 25, 1996, and ordering the USS Cole Cole to visit Yemen, providing the target for a devastating terrorist attack on October 12, 2000. to visit Yemen, providing the target for a devastating terrorist attack on October 12, 2000.

37. In a speech justifying the bombing of Serbia, Clinton asked, "What if someone had listened to Winston Churchill and stood up to Adolf Hitler earlier? How many people's lives might have been saved? And how many American lives might have been saved?" Quoted in Timothy Garton Ash, "The New Adolf Hitler?" Time Time, April 5, 1999.

38. Henry A. Kissinger, "Lessons of Vietnam," ca. May 12, 1975, http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512b.htm. This draft memorandum to the president was apparently never sent.

39. Elaine Sciolino, "Madeleine Albright's Audition," New York Times Magazine New York Times Magazine, September 22, 1996, p. SM67.

40. "Interview on NBC-TV 'The Today Show' with Matt Lauer," February 19, 1998, http://secretary.state.gov/www/statements/1998/980219a.html.

41. Colin Powell, My American Journey My American Journey (New York, 2005), p. 576. (New York, 2005), p. 576.

42. Interview on 60 Minutes 60 Minutes, May 11, 1996.

43. Sciolino, "Madeleine Albright's Audition."

44. "Farewell Remarks by Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright," January 19, 2001, http://usinfo.org/wf-archive/2001/010119/epf503.htm.

4. RECONSt.i.tUTING THE TRINITY.

1. David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, New Jersey, 2009). (Princeton, New Jersey, 2009).

2. Secretary Cohen's Remarks at the Foreign Policy a.s.sociation Medal for Leaders, April 2, 1998, http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=791.

3. James R. Blaker, Transforming Military Force: The Legacy of Arthur Cebrowski and Network Centric Warfare Transforming Military Force: The Legacy of Arthur Cebrowski and Network Centric Warfare (Washington, D.C., 2007), pp. 82, 74, 84. (Washington, D.C., 2007), pp. 82, 74, 84.

4. Operation Northern Watch, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern_watch.htm, accessed September 12, 2009; Operation Southern Watch, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/southern_watch.htm.

5. Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress, April 1992, p. 19, http://www.ndu.edu/library/epubs/cpgw.pdf.

6. Dan Balz and Rick Atkinson, "Powell Vows to Isolate Iraqi Army and Then 'Kill It,' " Washington Post Washington Post, January 24, 1991, p. A1.

7. Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, pp. 22, 24, 25.

8. Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, p. 38.

9. There is a vast literature on the Revolution in Military Affairs, much of it predating 9/11 and most of it now largely discredited. To sample that literature, see the compendium a.s.sembled by the Project on Defense Alternatives, available at http://www.comw.org/rma/. For an exceptionally instructive primer, see Joint Vision 2010 Joint Vision 2010, a doc.u.ment published by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1996 and available at http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/jv2010.pdf.

10. Norman Podh.o.r.etz, World War IV: The Long Struggle Against Islamofascism World War IV: The Long Struggle Against Islamofascism (Garden City, New York, 2007). (Garden City, New York, 2007).

11. "Building a Military for the 21st Century," http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/testimony_002.asp. This doc.u.ment provides the text of written testimony that Wolfowitz presented to the House and Senate Armed Services Committee on October 3 and 4, 2001.

12. Remarks at the Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina, December 11, 2001, http://externalaffairs.citadel.edu/presbush01.

13. "Text of Bush Speech," May 1, 2003, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/01/iraq/main551946.shtml.

14. "Cheney Declares Iraqi Freedom 'Most Extraordinary Military Campaign,' " May 1, 2003, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=29033.

15. "Prepared Statement for the Defense Transformation Act of the 21st Century," May 6, 2003, http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=388.

16. "Operation Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom Intelligence Lessons Learned," April 13, 2004, http://www.oss.net/ ... /Mazzafro%20on%20OSINT%20and%20All%20Source.PPT.

17. Williamson Murray and Robert H. Scales, The Iraq War: A Military History The Iraq War: A Military History (Cambridge, Ma.s.sachusetts, 2003), p. 145. (Cambridge, Ma.s.sachusetts, 2003), p. 145.

18. "Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with Meet the Press Meet the Press," April 13, 2003, http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2383.

19. Donald Rumsfeld, "Pentagon Town Hall Meeting," April 17, 2003, http://www.defense.gov/Speeches/Speech.aspx?SpeechID=370.

20. Thomas Donnelly, "Toward a Global Cavalry," AEI Outlook Series AEI Outlook Series, July 2003, http://www.aei.org/outlook/17783.

21. Statement of Lieutenant General Robert Wagner, Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats, and Capabilities, February 26, 2004, http://www.iwar.org.uk/rma/resources/transformation/02-26-2004-wagner.htm.

22. "U.S. Casualties in Iraq," http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq_casualties.htm.

23. "The President's News Conference," April 13, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/apr/14/iraq.usa2.

24. "Rumsfeld Interview with Chris Matthews," April 29, 2004, http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2555.

25. "Feith Speech at the American Enterprise Inst.i.tute," May 4, 2004, http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2004/May/20040507124856sjhtrop0.1972315.html.

26. "Bush's Statement at Pentagon," May 10, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/10/politics/10CND-TEXT.html?pagewanted=1.

27. "Fletcher Conference Remarks as Delivered by Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz," November 14, 2001, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/dod_brief89.asp.

5. COUNTERFEIT COIN.

1. "General Foresees 'Generational War' Against Terrorism," Washington Times Washington Times, December 13, 2006, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/dec/13/20061213-010657-5560r/.

2. "Rumsfeld's War-on-Terror Memo," October 16, 2003, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/executive/rumsfeld-memo.htm.