2.Yampolsky, Zen Master Hakuin, p. 117.

3.Ibid., p. 18.

4.Ibid., pp. 118-19.

5.Ibid., p. 119.

6.Ibid., p. 121.

7.Ibid., pp. 31-32.

8.Ibid., p. 33.

9.Ibid., p. 49.

10.Ibid., p. 33.

11.Ibid., pp. 52-53.

12.Ibid., p. 53.

13.Ibid., p. 58.

14.Ibid.

15.Ibid., p. 35.

16.Ibid., pp. 63-64.

17.The "great ball of doubt," known in Chinese as i-t'uan, was a cla.s.sic Zen phrase and has been traced by Ruth Fuller Sasaki (Zen Dust, p. 247) back to a tenth-century Chinese monk, who claimed in a poem, "The ball of doubt within my heart/Was as big as a big wicker basket."

Hakuin's a.n.a.lysis of the "great ball of doubt" is translated in Zen Dust, p. 43.

18.Hakuin's invention of his own koans, which were kept secret and never published, is a significant departure from the usual technique of simply taking situations from the cla.s.sic literature, and demonstrates both his creativity and his intellectual independence. It also raises the question of whether they really were "koans" under the traditional definition of "public case" or whether they should be given a different name.

19.Yampolsky, Zen Master Hakuin, p. 164.

20.The koan system of Hakuin is discussed by Yampolsky in Zen Master Hakuin, p. 15; and by Sasaki, in The Zen Koan, pp. 27-30.

21.Yampolsky, Zen Master Hakuin, p. 32.

22.See D. T. Suzuki, Sengai: The Zen Master (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1971); Burton Watson, Ryokan: Zen Monk-Poet of j.a.pan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977); and John Stevens, One Robe, One Bowl: The Zen Poetry of Ryokan (New York: Weatherhill, 1977).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anesaki, Masaharu. History of j.a.panese Religion. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1930 (reissue, Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1963).

Arntzen, Sonja. "A Presentation of the Poet Ikkyu with Translations from the Kyounshu 'Mad Cloud Anthology.' " Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1966.