13.Ibid., p. 104.

14.Ibid.

15.Blofeld, Zen Teaching of Huang Po, p. 55.

16.Ibid., p. 130.

17.Ibid., pp. 81-82.

18.Ibid., p. 44

19.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 87.

20.Blofeld, Zen Teaching of Huang Po, p. 53.

21.Ibid., p. 39.

22.Ibid., p. 46.

23.Ibid., p. 37.

24.Ibid.

25.Ibid., p. 40.

26.Ibid., p. 61.

27.Ibid., p. 26.

28.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 85.

29.Blofeld, Zen Teachings of Huang Po, p. 50.

30.See Wu, Golden Age of Zen.

31.Chang Chung-yuan reports some disagreement over the actual date of Huang-po's death. It seems that he is reported to have died in 849 in Records of Buddhas and Patriarchs in Various Dynasties, whereas the year of his death is given as 855 in the General Records of Buddhas and Patriarchs.

32.Excerpts from the Han Yu treatise are provided in Edwin O.

Reischauer, Ennin's Travels in T'ang China (New York: Ronald Press, 1955), pp. 221 ff. This recounting of a visit by a ninth-century j.a.panese monk to China reveals indirectly how lacking in influence the Ch'anists actually were. In a diary of many years Ch'an is mentioned only rarely, and then in tones of other than respect. He viewed the Ch'anists warily and described them as "extremely unruly men at heart"

(p. 173). However, his trip in China was severely disturbed by the sudden eruption of the Great Persecution, making him so fearful that he actually destroyed the Buddhist art he had collected throughout the country.

33.See Hu Shih, "Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism in China."

34.See Ibid.

35.Kenneth Ch'en, in "The Economic Background of the Hui-Ch'ang Suppression of Buddhism," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 19 (1956), points out that the imperial decree required the turning in only of statues made from metals having economic value. Those made from clay, wood, and stone could remain in the temples. He uses this to support his contention that the main driving force behind the Great Persecution was the inordinate economic power of the Buddhist establishments.

36.

11. LIN-CHI: FOUNDER OF RINZAI ZEN

1.A discussion of the five houses of Ch'an may be found in Dumoulin, History of Zen Buddhism, pp. 106-22; and Dumoulin and Sasaki, Development of Chinese Zen, pp. 17-32. Useful summaries of their teachings also may be found in Chou Hsiang-kuang, _Dhyana_ Buddhism in China.

2.Accounts of Lin-chi's life are found in The Record of Lin-chi, The Transmission of the Lamp, The Five Lamps Meeting at the Source, and Finger Pointing at the Moon. The most reliable source is probably The Record of Lin-chi, since this was compiled by his follower(s). The definitive translation of this work certainly must be that by Ruth F.

Sasaki, The Recorded Sayings of Ch'an Master Lin-chi Hui-chao of Chen Prefecture, (Kyoto, j.a.pan: Inst.i.tute of Zen Studies, 1975) and recently re-issued by Heian International, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.

Another version, The Zen Teachings of Rinzai, translated by Irmgard Schloegl (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala, 1976), is less satisfactory. The Lin-chi excerpts from The Transmission of the Lamp may be found in Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism. Excerpts from The Five Lamps Meeting at the Source and Finger Pointing at the Moon are provided in Charles Luk, Ch'an and Zen Teaching, Second Series (Berkeley: Shambhala, 1971). Translations of his sermons, sayings, etc.

together with commentary may also be found in Wu, Golden Age of Zen; Chou Hsiang-kuang, _Dhyana_ Buddhism in China; and Blyth, Zen and Zen Cla.s.sics, Vol. 3.

3.R. H. Blyth is suspicious that Lin-chi's story was enhanced somewhat for dramatic purposes, claiming (Zen and Zen Cla.s.sics, Vol. 3, p. 151), "As in the case of the Sixth Patriarch, [Lin-chi's] enlightenment is recounted 'dramatically,' that is to say minimizing his previous understanding of Zen in order to bring out the great change after enlightenment."

4.Sasaki, Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi, pp. 24-25.

5.Ibid., p. 25.

6.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, pp. 117-18.

7.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 194.

8.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 118.

9.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 195.

10.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 119.

11.Sasaki, Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi, p. 43.

12.Ibid., p. 45.

13.Dumoulin, History of Zen Buddhism, p. 122.

14.Of Lin-chi's shout, R. H. Blyth says (Zen and Zen Cla.s.sics, Vol. 3, p. 154): "[The shout] is a war-cry, but the fight is a sort of shadow- boxing. The universe shouts at us, we shout back. We shout at the universe, and the echo comes back in the same way. But the shouting and the echoing are continuous, and, spiritually speaking, simultaneous.

Thus the [shout] is not an expression of anything; it has no (separable) meaning. It is pure energy, without cause or effect, rhyme or reason."

15.After Sasaki, Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi, p. 47.

16.See Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 201.

17.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, pp. 121-22.

18.Sasaki, Recorded Sayings of Lin-chi, p. 4.

19.Ibid., p. 41.

20.Ibid., p. 48.

21.Ibid., p. 2.