Interestingly, the Vinaya sect, founded by Tao-hsuan (596-667), was primarily concerned with the laws of monastic discipline. The familiarity of Ch'an teachers with the concerns of this sect may have contributed to the desire to create rules for their own a.s.semblies.

10.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 109.

11.See D. T. Suzuki, The Zen Monk's Life (New York: Olympia Press, 1972); Eshin Nishimura, Unsui: A Diary of Zen Monastic Life (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1973); Suzuki, Essays in Zen Buddhism, First Series, pp. 314-362; and Koji Sato, The Zen Life (New York: Weatherhill/Tankosha, 1977). A succinct summary of Zen monastic life is also provided by Sir Charles Eliot in j.a.panese Buddhism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1935), p. 406.

12.See Blofeld, Zen Teaching ofHui Hai on Sudden Illumination, p. 52.

13.Ibid., pp. 60-61.

14.Ibid., p.48.

15.Ibid., p.133.

16.Ibid., p.77.

17.Ibid., p.55.

18.Ibid., p.56.

19.Ibid., p.78.

20.Ibid., p.54.

8. NAN-CH'UAN AND CHAO-CHOU: MASTERS OF THE IRRATIONAL

1.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 153.

2.Ibid., p. 178.

3.According to a biographical sketch of Nan-ch'uan given by Cleary and Cleary in Blue Cliff Record, p. 262.

4.See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 160.

This was also incorporated in the Blue Cliff Record as Case 40 (Ibid., p. 292), where the Sung-era commentary is actually more obscure than what it attempts to explain.

5.See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 136.

6.Ibid., p. 136.

7.Blyth, Zen and Zen Cla.s.sics, Vol. 3, p. 57.

8.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 159.

9.Ibid., p. 157. This anecdote is also Case 69 of the Blue Cliff Record.

10.Ibid., p. 161.

11.Ibid.

12.Ibid., p. 162.

13.Ibid., p. 164. Translation of a T'ang text, "The Sayings of Chao- chou," is provided by Yoel Hoffman, Radical Zen (Brookline, Ma.s.s.: Autumn Press, 1978).

14.Recounted by Garma C. C. Chang in The Practice of Zen (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), p. 24. This is also Case 14 of the Mumonkan and Cases 63 and 64 of the Blue Cliff Record.

15.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 127. This is also Case 19 of the Mumonkan.

16.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 159.

17.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 129.

18.Ibid., p. 133.

19.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 169.

20.Ibid., p. 140.

21.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 136.

22.Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 171.

23.This is Case 1 of the Mumonkan, here quoted from a very readable new translation by Katsuki Sekida, Two Zen Cla.s.sics: Mumonkan 6- Hekiganroku (New York: Weatherhill, 1977), p. 27.

24.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, pp. 144-45.

25.Blyth, Zen and Zen Cla.s.sics, Vol. 3, p. 77.

26.Wu, Golden Age of Zen, p. 145.

27.Ibid., p. 139.

28.Ibid., p. 146.

29.Ibid., p. 144.

30.

9. P'ANG AND HAN-SHAN: LAYMAN AND POET

1.See Burton Watson, Cold Mountain (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), p. 13. This concept of the Zen layman has longbeen a part of Zen practice in j.a.pan, and for this reason both Layman P'ang and the poet Han-shan are favorite Ch'an figures with the j.a.panese. In fact, the eighteenth-century j.a.panese master Hakuin wrote a commentary on Han-shan.

2.See Ruth Fuller Sasaki, Yos.h.i.taka Iriya, and Dana R. Frasier, The Recorded Sayings of Layman P'ang (New York: Weatherhill, 1971), p. 18.

3.See Chang Chung-yuan, Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism, p. 145.