The Sealed Letter is a fiction, but based on the extensive reports on is a fiction, but based on the extensive reports on Codrington v. Codrington Codrington v. Codrington in the in the Times Times for July 30, August 1 and 2, and November 18, 19, 21, and 24, 1864, supplemented by the for July 30, August 1 and 2, and November 18, 19, 21, and 24, 1864, supplemented by the Daily Telegraph, Spectator, Reynolds's Magazine, Daily Telegraph, Spectator, Reynolds's Magazine, and and Lloyds's Weekly London Newspaper. Lloyds's Weekly London Newspaper. Very closely based, in fact: for instance, the letter Helen sends Anderson protesting against his engagement, in this novel, is almost word for word the same as the one read aloud in court. What might seem like anachronistic allusions to the Bill Clinton impeachment, such as the stained dress, or the argument about whether a woman could have s.e.x with a man without that man having s.e.x with her, are real details from the Codrington trial. The only major change I have made is to compress the couple's legal wranglings of the period 1858 to 1866 into the novel's more dramatic time span of August to October 1864. Very closely based, in fact: for instance, the letter Helen sends Anderson protesting against his engagement, in this novel, is almost word for word the same as the one read aloud in court. What might seem like anachronistic allusions to the Bill Clinton impeachment, such as the stained dress, or the argument about whether a woman could have s.e.x with a man without that man having s.e.x with her, are real details from the Codrington trial. The only major change I have made is to compress the couple's legal wranglings of the period 1858 to 1866 into the novel's more dramatic time span of August to October 1864.

It is a matter of record that Emily "Fido" Faithfull, called as a witness by the wife, fled to avoid a subpoena, then returned to testify in the husband's favour. But why? Robert Browning certainly thought he knew, when he sent his spinster friend Isa Blagden the following tidbit on January 19, 1865: One of the counsel in the case told an acquaintance of mine that the "sealed letter" contained a charge I shall be excused from even hinting to you-fear of the explosion of which, caused the shift of Miss Emily from one side to the other. As is invariably the case, people's mouths are opened, and tell you what "they knew long ago" though it seems that that did not matter a bit so long as n.o.body else knew. did not matter a bit so long as n.o.body else knew.

Because the doc.u.ment was not opened in court or entered into the trial record, we are unlikely ever to know what was in it.

William E. Fredeman in "Emily Faithfull and the Victoria Press: An Experiment in Sociological Bibliography" (Library, (Library, 5th series, 29, no. 2 [June 1974]: 139-64) was the first to spell out Browning's sly hints about the "sealed letter"; he argues that Admiral Codrington must have used it to blackmail Faithfull into changing sides. 5th series, 29, no. 2 [June 1974]: 139-64) was the first to spell out Browning's sly hints about the "sealed letter"; he argues that Admiral Codrington must have used it to blackmail Faithfull into changing sides.

By contrast, James Stone's biography of his wife's great-great-aunt, Emily Faithfull: Victorian Champion of Women's Rights Emily Faithfull: Victorian Champion of Women's Rights (1994), attributes her volte-face to her sense of betrayal that Helen had broken her promise not to drag her into court. (1994), attributes her volte-face to her sense of betrayal that Helen had broken her promise not to drag her into court.

The first thorough reading of this complex case was an essay by Martha Vicinus ("Lesbian Perversity and Victorian Marriage: The 1864 Codrington Divorce Trial," Journal of British Studies Journal of British Studies 36 [1997]: 70-98, also included in her book, 36 [1997]: 70-98, also included in her book, Intimate Friends). Intimate Friends). Based on exemplary research into all the partic.i.p.ants as well as a close study of the newspaper coverage and legal doc.u.ments, this brilliant a.n.a.lysis was invaluable to me in writing Based on exemplary research into all the partic.i.p.ants as well as a close study of the newspaper coverage and legal doc.u.ments, this brilliant a.n.a.lysis was invaluable to me in writing The Sealed Letter. The Sealed Letter. Vicinus is not convinced by Stone's theory that Helen Codrington and her lawyer conned a naive Faithfull into approving Few's affidavit. In this account, Faithfull emerges as an astute businesswoman who gave a brilliant performance in the witness box, drawing on Victorian preconceptions (for instance, about the naive girl led astray by the older married woman) to get herself off the hook. Vicinus is not convinced by Stone's theory that Helen Codrington and her lawyer conned a naive Faithfull into approving Few's affidavit. In this account, Faithfull emerges as an astute businesswoman who gave a brilliant performance in the witness box, drawing on Victorian preconceptions (for instance, about the naive girl led astray by the older married woman) to get herself off the hook.

In creating my own "Fido," "Helen," and "Harry," and attempting to solve the ill-fittingjigsaw puzzle that is the Codrington case, I have borrowed ideas from these three historians and others.

Four years after testifying in the trial, Fido mulled over her experiences with Helen Codrington, more in sorrow than in anger, in a bestselling novel called Change upon Change Change upon Change (1868). The persona she adopts is that of a sober man called Wilfred, helplessly devoted and secretly engaged to his flighty cousin Tiny. "Women have so many natures," he concludes wistfully; "I think she loved me well with one." In the preface to the American edition of 1873 (renamed (1868). The persona she adopts is that of a sober man called Wilfred, helplessly devoted and secretly engaged to his flighty cousin Tiny. "Women have so many natures," he concludes wistfully; "I think she loved me well with one." In the preface to the American edition of 1873 (renamed A Reed Shaken in the Wind), A Reed Shaken in the Wind), Fido admitted Fido admitted I have seen with my own eyes the curious combination of intellectual power and instability of purpose portrayed in Tiny Harewood; I have watched with an aching heart the shifting weaknesses and faint struggles for redemption described in these pages.

At least some of the Faithfull clan seem to have stood by Fido. At the time of the trial, she also had one loyal friend I have left out of the story, Emy Wilson (discussed in Martha West.w.a.ter's The Wilson Sisters). The Wilson Sisters).

I have simplified and compressed many events at Langham Place in the early 1860s, including the death throes of the English Woman's Journal English Woman's Journal and the founding of the and the founding of the Victoria Magazine Victoria Magazine and and Alexandra Magazine. Alexandra Magazine. I have used quotations, paraphrases, incidents, and details from the papers of Bessie Parkes Belloc, her father Joseph Parkes, her daughter Marie Belloc Lowndes, and her colleagues Barbara Smith Bodichon, Emily Davies, and Adelaide Procter. Some of these papers are published, but most are held in ma.n.u.script at Girton College, Cambridge-the college for women that Davies founded in 1869. (When I did my PhD at Girton in the 1990s, I had no idea I would be returning one day to research a novel, and I want to thank archivist Kate Perry for her help and insights during my week-long visit in 2005.) I have used quotations, paraphrases, incidents, and details from the papers of Bessie Parkes Belloc, her father Joseph Parkes, her daughter Marie Belloc Lowndes, and her colleagues Barbara Smith Bodichon, Emily Davies, and Adelaide Procter. Some of these papers are published, but most are held in ma.n.u.script at Girton College, Cambridge-the college for women that Davies founded in 1869. (When I did my PhD at Girton in the 1990s, I had no idea I would be returning one day to research a novel, and I want to thank archivist Kate Perry for her help and insights during my week-long visit in 2005.) Though voluminous, the letters of the "Reform Firm" are often tantalizingly euphemistic. At points of crisis-such as the ousting of the fascinating Matilda "Max" Hays from the Journal, Journal, or Bessie Parkes's breaking off of relations with Fido-letters or entire sequences have been lost or (more likely) censored by heirs. For instance, the letter in which Parkes reports discovering Fido's involvement in the Codrington case is missing at least the first page. This means that much of my novel's depiction of relations among the women of Langham Place has to be guesswork. For factual accounts of these key years in British feminism I recommend Pam Hirsch's or Bessie Parkes's breaking off of relations with Fido-letters or entire sequences have been lost or (more likely) censored by heirs. For instance, the letter in which Parkes reports discovering Fido's involvement in the Codrington case is missing at least the first page. This means that much of my novel's depiction of relations among the women of Langham Place has to be guesswork. For factual accounts of these key years in British feminism I recommend Pam Hirsch's Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: Feminist, Artist and Rebel, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: Feminist, Artist and Rebel, Candida Ann Lacey's anthology, Candida Ann Lacey's anthology, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon and the Langham Place Group, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon and the Langham Place Group, and Jane Rendall's essay on the and Jane Rendall's essay on the English Woman's Journal English Woman's Journal in her in her Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800-1914. Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800-1914.

In her Family Chronicle Family Chronicle for 1864, Emily Davies summed up the Codrington crisis as discreetly as possible: for 1864, Emily Davies summed up the Codrington crisis as discreetly as possible: Miss Faithfull was obliged, owing to some references to her in reports of a Divorce case, to withdraw for a time, from society, & I, & others, ceased to be a.s.sociated with her.

But Fido did very little withdrawing, in fact. For all Bessie Parkes's dark predictions, the Social Science a.s.sociation did not take their custom away from the Victoria Press, and they resumed inviting Fido to address their annual conferences after a few years, in 1869. Nor did Queen Victoria ever withdraw her personal t.i.tle of "Printer and Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty." Fido and William Wilfred Head legally part.i.tioned the press in 1867, and it was not wound down until the early 1880s.

Despite having been cast out of Langham Place, Fido remained active-and does not seem to have been ostracized for very long-in the broader women's movement. She founded the Ladies' Work Society and the Victoria Discussion Society in 1869, and in 1874 the Industrial and Educational Bureau for Women, to offer training, jobs, and emigration opportunities. In 1871 she was presented with a silver tea and coffee service by colleagues (including Lady Goldsmid of the SPEW committee), and Emily Davies resumed cautious dealings with her later in that decade. Fido continued to promote the Cause (including votes for women) in her Victoria Magazine, Victoria Magazine, as well as in her cheaper weekly, as well as in her cheaper weekly, Women and Work Women and Work (1874-76), her (1874-76), her West London Express West London Express (1877-78), and in her columns for the (1877-78), and in her columns for the Ladies Pictorial Ladies Pictorial in the 1880s and 1890s. Interestingly, she does not seem to have held a lasting grudge against Bessie Parkes, and often paid tribute to her in print. in the 1880s and 1890s. Interestingly, she does not seem to have held a lasting grudge against Bessie Parkes, and often paid tribute to her in print.

Not content with being a campaigner, lecturer, publisher, editor,journalist, and novelist, Fido formed a small drama company that toured London and the provinces in 1875. Her reputation grew as a result of extensive U.S. speaking engagements, described in Three Tours of America Three Tours of America (1884). In 1888 she received an inscribed portrait from the Queen in recognition of thirty years of work on behalf of her s.e.x. (1884). In 1888 she received an inscribed portrait from the Queen in recognition of thirty years of work on behalf of her s.e.x.

Nor was she lonely. After Fido's friend Emy Wilson got married in 1868, actress Kate Pattison acted as Fido's secretary and companion from 1869 to 1883. This long partnership was followed by one with interior decorator Charlotte Robinson. From 1884, Fido and Charlotte shared a quiet, thickcarpeted home in Manchester and ran a women's decor college and business that earned Charlotte an appointment as "Home Decorator to Her Majesty."

Despite her lifelong lung troubles, Fido remained a keen smoker: during her first U.S. tour in 1872-73, a Chicago journalist wrote that the "fat, famous and frolicsome Emily Faithfull smoke[s] like a Lake Michigan tug boat." She died of bronchitis in 1895, a few days after her sixtieth birthday. In her will she left a tactful but firm message for the Faithfulls: I feel sure that any loving members of my family who may survive me will appreciate my desire that the few possessions I have should be retained for the exclusive use and as the absolute property of my beloved friend Charlotte Robinson as some little indication of my grat.i.tude for the countless services for which I am indebted to her as well as for the affectionate tenderness and care which made the last few years of my life the happiest I ever spent.

Fido destroyed almost all her private papers, except for some that she left to Charlotte to be pa.s.sed on to her favourite nephew, Ferdinand Faithfull Begg, which have since disappeared.

But though she survived the Codrington case, both personally and professionally, it did cast a long shadow over her name; she remained vaguely a.s.sociated with s.e.x scandal. At least one obituary by a woman journalist (Ill.u.s.trated London News, (Ill.u.s.trated London News, May 15, 1895) criticized her for having adopted a mannish style of dress-which by then carried sinister implications of what doctors were starting to call "inversion," "s.e.x perversion," or "h.o.m.os.e.xuality." As James Stone doc.u.ments in his biography, the death of this tireless maverick was followed by a conspiracy of silence on the part of her comrades, who wrote her out of the history of the first British women's movement. May 15, 1895) criticized her for having adopted a mannish style of dress-which by then carried sinister implications of what doctors were starting to call "inversion," "s.e.x perversion," or "h.o.m.os.e.xuality." As James Stone doc.u.ments in his biography, the death of this tireless maverick was followed by a conspiracy of silence on the part of her comrades, who wrote her out of the history of the first British women's movement.

As for Vice-Admiral Henry Codrington, he remarried-Catherine Compton, the widow of another admiral-in 1869, and ended up living two doors away from his brother William in Eaton Square. He never was sent on active service again; he received the t.i.tles of Admiral of the Fleet and Knight Commander of the Bath before he died in 1877, leaving 30,000 each to his two daughters. (Nan later became the mother of Denys Finch-Hatton, made famous as the hero of Isak Dinesen's Out of Africa.) Out of Africa.) Harry's sister Lady Bourchier published two volumes about the family, Harry's sister Lady Bourchier published two volumes about the family, Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington (1873) and (1873) and Selections from the Letters of Sir Henry Codrington Selections from the Letters of Sir Henry Codrington (1880), cla.s.sics of euphemism that manage to make almost no reference to Harry's first marriage. (1880), cla.s.sics of euphemism that manage to make almost no reference to Harry's first marriage.

From the day Helen Jane Webb Smith Codrington was divorced, nothing more is known of her. One genealogical website claims that she died just twelve years after the trial, in 1876.

In Britain from 1670 to 1852 there were fewer than two divorces a year (and men were the pet.i.tioners in all but four of them). After the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 this rose rapidly to several hundred a year, and despite legal and financial hindrances, women were the pet.i.tioners in almost half of the divorces and almost all the judicial separations. In 1923 the double standard was finally abolished: a wife could now ask for a divorce on the basis of a husband's adultery alone. (Interestingly, the double standard was a peculiarly English inst.i.tution; in Scotland, women and men could both divorce for simple adultery as early as the sixteenth century.) The Guardianship of Infants Act, in 1925, finally gave father and mother an equal right to custody and established the welfare of the child as paramount. The Herbert Act of 1937 extended the grounds for divorce to include cruelty, desertion (three years), incurable insanity, and habitual drunkenness: the divorce rate doubled the following year. The 1969 Divorce Reform Act restated the three main "fault" grounds as adultery, desertion, and unreasonable behaviour (a broader concept than cruelty), and made it possible for a couple to obtain a divorce on the basis of incompatibility after simply living apart for two years.

In 1996 the Family Law Act tried to make divorce an even simpler, faster, and entirely "no fault" business, but met with opposition on several sides, and that section of the act was never implemented. In August 2006, calling in the Independent Independent for a reform of British divorce law, Lord Justice Wall admitted, regretfully, that making divorce a "no fault" process will be difficult, as "people actually don't like not being able to blame someone." for a reform of British divorce law, Lord Justice Wall admitted, regretfully, that making divorce a "no fault" process will be difficult, as "people actually don't like not being able to blame someone."

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to my agent, Caroline Davidson, and editors, Ann Patty and Iris Tupholme, for asking all the right questions.

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