[1119] See the following chapter.

[1120] See the pa.s.sages in Jeremias' _Die Babylonisch-a.s.syrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode_, p. 62.

[1121] Sargon Annals, I. 156. Jensen's interpretation of the pa.s.sage (_Kosmologie_, p. 231) is forced, as is also his explanation of IIR. 51, 11a, where a mountain Aralu is clearly designated.

[1122] _Kosmologie_, pp. 222-224.

[1123] Gunkel's _Schopfung und Chaos_, p. 154, note 5.

[1124] In an article on 'Shualu' published in the _American Journal of Semitic Languages_ (xiv.), I have set forth my reasons for accepting this word as a Babylonian term for the nether world.

[1125] In the later portions of the Old Testament, the use of Sheol is also avoided. See the pa.s.sages in Schwally, _Das Leben nach dem Tode nach den Vorstellungen des Alten Israels_, pp. 59, 60.

[1126] Not 'Ort der Entscheidung,' as Jeremias, _ib._ p. 109, proposes.

[1127] See above, p. 329.

[1128] I Sam. xxviii. 11.

[1129] See p. 511.

[1130] See Schwally, _ib._ pp. 59-63.

[1131] Isaiah, viii. 19.

[1132] One of the names for the priest in Babylonia is Sha'ilu, _i.e._, 'inquirer,' and the corresponding Hebrew word Sho'el is similarly used in a few pa.s.sages of the Old Testament; _e.g._, Deut. xviii. 11; Micah, vii. 3. See an article by the writer on "The Stem Sha'al and the Name of Samuel," in a forthcoming number of the _Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature_.

[1133] See above, pp. 333 _seq._

[1134] See p. 167.

[1135] See above, p. 167, and Scheit, _Le Culte de Gudea_, etc.

(_Recueil des Travaux_, xviii. 64 _seq._)

[1136] Thureau-Dangin, _Le Culte des Rois dans la periode Prebabylonienne_ (_Recueil des Travaux_, etc., xix. 486).

[1137] See above, p. 36. The text is published IIIR. pl. 4, no. 7.

Recently, Mr. Pinches has published a variant version of this story (_Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch._ xviii. 257, 258).

[1138] IVR. 34.

[1139] In view of recent discussions of the subject, it is important to note that Tiele already fifteen years ago recognized that Sargon was a historical personage. See his remarks, _Babyl. a.s.syr. Gesch._, p. 112.

[1140] Chapter ii.

[1141] See Winterbotham, "The Cult of Father Abraham," in the _Expositor_, 1897, pp. 177-186.

[1142] See Jensen's _Kosmologie_, p. 215, and Meissner, _Altbabylonisches Privatrecht_, p. 21. The word is used for the foundation of a building, and is an indication, therefore, of the great depth at which the nether world was placed.

[1143] See below, p. 567, and Jensen's _Kosmologie_, p. 259.

[1144] See pp. 65, 66.

[1145] _Kabru_ and _Gegunu_ ('dark place').

[1146] See also below, pp. 566, 567.

[1147] Published IV Rawlinson (2nd edition), pl. 31.

[1148] See p. 483.

[1149] The Old Testament recognizes only two seasons, summer and winter.

See, _e.g._, Gen. viii. 22.

[1150] See the discussion in Robertson Smith's _Religions of the Semites_, pp. 391-394; and also Farnall, _The Cults of the Greek States_, ii. 644-649.

[1151] See above, p. 484.

[1152] See above, p. 510.

[1153] _I.e._, according to one version (p. 511). Another version of this part of the Gilgamesh epic, which, however, is influenced by the tale of Ishtar's visit, is published in Haupt's _Nimrodepos_, pp. 16-19.

In this version Eabani gives Gilgamesh a description of Aralu, which tallies with the one found in the Ishtar tale.

[1154] Text defective. Jeremias' suggestion, "the land that thou knowest," misses the point. The person addressed does not know the land.

'Decay' is Schrader's conjecture (_Die Hollenfahrt der Istar_, p. 24).

See Haupt's _Nimrodepos_, pp. 17, 40, and Delitzsch's _a.s.syr.

Worterbuch_, p. 321, note.

[1155] Lit., 'the one who has entered it.'

[1156] _I.e._, of the inhabitants.

[1157] The inhabitants.

[1158] See p. 461.

[1159] See below, p. 591.

[1160] See pp. 502, 511.

[1161] Particularly by Herbert Spencer and his followers.

[1162] Isaiah, xiv 9-20, and Ezekiel, x.x.xii. 18-31. In Isaiah, the Babylonian Aralu is specifically described, while Ezekiel writes under the influence of Babylonian ideas.

[1163] Isaiah, viii. 19.

[1164] The Hebrew word for 'the dead,' _refaim_, conveys this idea.

[1165] See p. 512.