=Tilley, Thomas Morgan= (1790-1870). =T= Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.

=Tilsit, Treaty of.= =Bk= Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure of, 106.

=Timber Trade.= =Sy= Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130, 136. _See also_ Trade.

=Times.= Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785.

=Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. =B= On Canadian independence, 143; att.i.tude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147. =C= Advocates independence of Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. =Md= Account in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald, 322-324.

=Tippecanoe.= =Bk= General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.

=Tipping, Captain.= =D= Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins, 22.

=t.i.thes.= =Dr= Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. =L= Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of 1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.

=Tobin, Michael.= =H= Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics, 164. =H= Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; resigns seat in government, 164. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Tod, John.= Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved.

Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, 1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island.

Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson's prejudice against, 268. =D= At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort George ma.s.sacre, 105-106. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_.

=Todd, Alpheus= (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in 1833. In 1836 appointed a.s.sistant librarian of the House of a.s.sembly of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, a.s.sistant librarian to the Legislative a.s.sembly. In 1854 appointed princ.i.p.al librarian, and const.i.tutional adviser to both Houses of the Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of 10,000 having been made, sent to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. =Bib.=: Works: _Parliamentary Government in England_; _Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Tolmie, William Fraser= (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland.

Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, 1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat in the Legislative a.s.sembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named after him. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Tonnancour, De.= =Dr= Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command of militia, 187. =Hd= Commander at Three Rivers, his application to Haldimand, 243.

=Tonquin.= An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck one of the princ.i.p.al chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been among the crew, managed to escape during the ma.s.sacre, and brought the news to Astoria. =Index=: =D= Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June, 1811, and entire crew ma.s.sacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.

=Tonti, Chevalier Henri de= (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands.

Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in 1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above Niagara Falls, Tonti built the _Griffon_, while La Salle went back to Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crevecoeur.

In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle.

=Index=: =L= Left in charge of Fort Crevecoeur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. =F= La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crevecoeur, 144, 160; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with _coureurs de bois_, 325. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Margry, _Relations et Memoires Inedits_. _See also_ La Salle.

=Toronto.= Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouille was built on the site of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and renamed Toronto. =Index=: =E= Becomes joint seat of government with Quebec, 78. =B= Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, 216. =BL= Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Munic.i.p.al Act, 300; becomes seat of government, 338. =S= Name of, officially changed to York, 203; building regulations in, 203. =C= City council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. _See also_ York. =Bib.=: Robinson, _History of Toronto_; Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_; Adam, _Toronto Old and New_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_; Mulvany, _Toronto Past and Present_; Taylor, _Toronto Called Back_.

=Toronto Alliance Society.= =Mc= Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.

=Toronto University.= Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the inst.i.tution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903.

Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906.

=Index=: =BL= Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; terms of the bill, 294-295. =E= Its history, 93-95. =Md= Formerly King's College, 30; an inst.i.tution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69.

=Bib.=: Loudon, _History of the University of Toronto_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Burwash, _Founding and Development of University of Toronto_ (R. S. C., 1905); _The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906_.

=Tourmente, Cap.= =Ch= Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle, 171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.

=Townshend, Lord Charles.= _See_ Bayning.

=Townshend, George, Marquis= (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England.

Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to 1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend.

=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Chateau St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235. =Hd= His lack of interest in Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Townshend, _Life of Marquess Townshend_.

=Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de= (1603-1670). Served in the French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, 1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salieres Regiment as his weapon, at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. =Index=: =F= Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, 54; recalled, 54. =L= Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, 82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupre, 102. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Trade.= =E= Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. =S= Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.

=Trading Permits.= =F= Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, 116; permitted under limitations, 128. _See also_ Liquor question; Brandy question.

=Trahan, Joseph.= =WM= His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.

=Traill, Catherine Parr= (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life. =Bib.=: Works: _Plant Life in Canada_; _Canadian Wild Flowers_; _Canadian Crusoes_; _Pearls and Pebbles_, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Transcontinental Railway.= =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. _See also_ Railways.

=Transcript.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =B= Opposes annexation of North-West Territories, 218. =BL= Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141.

=Transportation.= =B= Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. =S= Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. =BL= Steamboat and stage travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. =E= Vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-116. _See also_ Railways; Ca.n.a.ls; Roads.

=Trayes.= =S= Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.

=Traytorrens, Captain.= =Hd= Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.

=Treaties.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St.

Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; Washington.

=Tregatin.= =Ch= Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.

=Trent Affair.= Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer _Trent_ sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate States who were pa.s.sengers, and who were accredited to France. They were conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. =Index=: =C= Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87.

=T= Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. =Md= Storm aroused by seizure of the _Trent_, 97-98. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Harris, _The Trent Affair_; King, _Turning on the Light_; Roberts, _History of Canada_.

=Trenton (New Jersey).= =Dr= Surrender of Hessians at, 164.

=Trinite.= =Ch= French vessel, seized by the English, 222.

=Trinity College.= College with university powers, established at Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. =Index=: =E= Established through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. =BL= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296. =Md= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30.

=Bib.=: Clark, _The University of Trinity College_ in _Canada: An Ency_., vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_.

=Troop, J. C.= =H= Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Troop, J. V.= =T= Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.

=Trouve, Claude.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.

=Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.= Born in France. Entered the army, and came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne family,--Iberville, St. Helene, and Maricourt. They were successful in surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died there of some malignant disease. =Index=: =F= Leads expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at Niagara, 214. =L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204, =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Tryon, William= (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of New York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to aid of, 197. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc.

Am. Biog._

=Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.= =Hd= Mother of Haldimand, 2.