=Ross, Dunbar.= =E= Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, 126; holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in Cabinet, 141.

=Ross, James= (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the _Presbyterian Banner_, 1842. Princ.i.p.al Dalhousie College, 1863.

=Ross, John.= =MS= Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; relations with Pond, 15; his death, 16.

=Ross, John= (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years.

Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. =Index=: =E= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in Cabinet, 113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes president of Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Ross.= =D= Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.

=Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of= (1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Rothery, Henry Cadogan= (1817-1888). =B= Registrar of the High Court of Admiralty in England,--prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration, 225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries, 226. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Rottenburg, Baron de.= Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in 1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813 commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832.

=Index=: =Bk= Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134.

=Bib.=: Morgan. _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Rottenburg, Baroness de.= =Bk= Her great charm, 134, 137.

=Roubaud, Pierre.= =Hd= Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend of Du Calvet, 290.

=Rouer de Villeray, Louis= (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council in 1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council in 1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed to be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. =Index=: =F= First councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to t.i.tle of "esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256.

=L= Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78; appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_.

=Rous, John.= In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to French commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north coast of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, 1745; sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in the navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of the squadron sent against Beausejour, 1755; took part in the expedition against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the _Sutherland_ at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.

=Rouvier.= =Ch= Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.

=Rowan, Sir William.= Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign, 1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain, France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada, 1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Roy, Louis.= =S= First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.

=Royal, Joseph= (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St.

Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established _L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde_, and a.s.sisted in founding _La Revue Canadien_. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba, 1870; founded there _Le Metis_. Elected to the first Legislative a.s.sembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of _La Minerve_, Montreal, 1894. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Royal American Regiment.= =Hd= Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th battalion of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. =WM= On British left, 189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.

=Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has also received some a.s.sistance from the Dominion government, though its support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions in the different Canadian cities; and supports cla.s.ses for drawing from the living model. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Royal Highland Emigrants.= =Hd= Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, 306; disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. =Dr= Composition of corps, 93; arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.

=Royal Military College, Kingston.= Established by Act of Parliament in 1874; opened 1875. =Bib.=: Mayne, _The Royal Military College_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Royal North-West Mounted Police.= Organized in 1873 by the Dominion government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men, subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier, and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the sh.o.r.es of Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Hersch.e.l.l Island, off the mouth of the Mackenzie. =Bib.=: Haydon, _The Riders of the Plains_.

=Royal Regiment of New York.= =Dr= Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.

=Royal Roussillon Regiment.= =WM= One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12; deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257; 262. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Royal Society of Canada.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward Duke of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first meeting was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into four sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, history, etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and geological and biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty members. The original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne.

Subsequent vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three members. The first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the vice-president Pierre J. O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was (Sir) James M. Le Moine; of section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 T. Sterry Hunt; and of section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot was the first secretary of the society. An account of its organization, with the list of original members, will be found in the first volume of _Transactions_, 1882-1883. =Bib.=: _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1st series, 1882-1894, 12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd series, 1907, to date.

=Royal William.= Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the spring of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, stopping at Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five days from Pictou--the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under steam. She had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, after William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament, bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise, courage and skill the ROYAL WILLIAM, the first vessel to cross the Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers by which pa.s.sengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over every sea throughout the world." =Bib.=: Fleming, _Notes on Ocean Steam Navigation_ (Can. Inst. _Trans._, 1891-1892); Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Royal William, H. M. S.= =WM= Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.

=Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph.= =L= Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily banished from Quebec, 168. =F= Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.

=Ruette d'Auteuil, Francois-Madeleine-Fortune.= =F= Son of Denis, succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac, 255.

=Rumigny.= =WM= At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite sh.o.r.e, 161.

=Rupert's Land.= The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's t.i.tle was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred to Canada, for the sum of 300,000, the company retaining certain blocks of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land of the country. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.

=Rupert, Prince= (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, Frederick V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in the army during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in the Civil War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Erskine, _A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine_.

=Russell, Alexander J.= =Ch= His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.

=Russell, John, first Earl= (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839 colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855 secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as leader of the Commons. =Index=: =Sy= The leading member of the Melbourne government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada, 117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office, 180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to, 343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. =B= Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. =P= Secures authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower Canada a.s.sembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by Bouchette, 151. =E= His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe, 37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the colonies, 229, 231. =BL= Denies representative government to Lower Canada, 46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; on const.i.tutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; att.i.tude towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they please, 325. =C= Effect of his resolutions, 2. =Mc= Opposes elective Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible government, 325; on Union Act, 405. =W= Suggests new charter for King's College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61; Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Russell, Peter= (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied Simcoe to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a member of the a.s.sembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. =Index=: =S= Recommended by Simcoe as collector of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member of Legislative Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as administrator, 217. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Russian-American Fur Company.= Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of the fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. =Index=: =D= Claim north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. =Bib.=: Dall, _Alaska_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Russian Convention, 1825.= =D= Its provisions, 118-119.

=Russian Explorations.= =D= Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached by way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, 44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. =Bib.=: Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; c.o.xe, _Discoveries of the Russians between Asia and America_; Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_, trans. by Olson; Kotzebue, _Voyages_, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, _Voyage_; Lutke, _Voyage_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Russian Fur Trade.= =D= In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's voyages, 41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42; companies formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. =Bib.=: _See_ Russian Explorations.

=Ryerson, Egerton= (1803-1882). =R= Born March 24, 1803, near village of Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3; school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial writings, 26-27; becomes editor of _Christian Guardian_, 27; his political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education, 45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church, 1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor of _Christian Guardian_, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College, 84-86; his att.i.tude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists, 94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the _Colonial Advocate_, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in political life, 107-110; his letters to the London _Times_ on "The Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship of _Guardian_, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118; his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers, 130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143; receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146; defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms, 168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles, 172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality and efficiency, 192-195; munic.i.p.al relations, 196-199; his personal influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245; the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his writings--_Story of My Life_, _Canadian Methodism_, _Loyalists of America_, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. =BL= Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education, 240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his rejoinder, 245-246. =E= Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause of popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy Reserves, 157. =B= Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; accepts Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. =T= Member of King's College Commission, 48. =Mc= His mission to England, 237; introduced to colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238.

=Bib.=: Works: _Report on Popular Education_; _Affairs of the Canadas_; _Story of My Life_; _Canadian Methodism_; _Loyalists of America_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Ryerson, George=. =R= Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136.

=Bk= Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.

=Ryerson, John= (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many years in the establishment of missionary and other inst.i.tutions of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the transfer of the missions to Canadian control. =Index=: =R= President of Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the Methodists, 273; closely a.s.sociated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist Conference, etc., 281. =Bib.=: _Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour_.

=Ryerson, Colonel Joseph.= =R= Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United Empire Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists, 11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.

=Ryerson, William.= =R= His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school, 24-25; closely a.s.sociated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc., 281.

=Ryland, Herman W.= =Bk= Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Milnes, 47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; his violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his recommendations not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's letters to, 186. =P= Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons his mind against French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Rymal, Jacob.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.

=Rynd.= =S= Simcoe's account of death of, 34.