=Jette, Sir Louis= (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857.

Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1909. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_, and its organ _Le National_, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East, 84. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Jews.= =Bk= Resolution of Lower Canada a.s.sembly excluding, 104; further discussion of question, 116.

=Joannes.= =WM= Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.

=Jogues, Isaac= (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the sh.o.r.es of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an amba.s.sador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The att.i.tude of the Indians had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the lodges at Tionnontoguen. =Index=: =Ch= Professor in college of Rouen, 207. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Martin, _Isaac Jogues_; Withrow, _Adventures of Isaac Jogues_ (R. S. C., 1885).

=John and Thomas.= =F= Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.

=Johnson, Guy= (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England.

Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York a.s.sembly, 1779. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Johnson, John.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25.

=Johnson, John M.= (1818-1868). =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Johnson, Sir John= (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (_q.v._).

Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America. =Index=: =Dr= Commissioned to raise regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper Canada, 302. =S= Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127. =Hd= Made Indian agent, 156; raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308.

=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Myers, _The Tories or Loyalists in America_.

=Johnson, Sir William= (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in 1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren.

Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of 5000.

Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. =Index=: =Dr= Quiets discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6. =Hd= Takes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257. =WM= Captures Fort Niagara, 146. =Bib.=: _Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations_ (Phil. Soc. of Phila. _Trans._, 1772); _Correspondence_ (Doc.

Hist. N. Y.); Reid, _Story of Old Fort Johnson_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Stone, _Life of Sir William Johnson_; Buell, _Sir William Johnson_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.= =Md= Attempt to settle Alabama question by, 167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=Johnston, Hugh.= =W= Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.

=Johnston, Sir W.= =C= Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on French-Canadian cooking, 119.

=Johnstone, Chevalier.= =WM= Aide-de-camp to Levis, 139; his redoubt evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Johnstone, James William= (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest Annapolis for the a.s.sembly, and represented the county until 1864, when appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year.

=Index=: =H= Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the a.s.sembly, 75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, 1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, 1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. =T= Advocates Confederation in Nova Scotia a.s.sembly, in 1854, 62. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Rose, _Cyc. Can.

Biog._

=Johnstone's Redoubt.= =WM= French position on Beauport sh.o.r.e, 133, 136, 140.

=Joint High Commission, British-American=, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon.

C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Ka.s.son, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine.

Lord Hersch.e.l.l acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien labour laws, and mining rights. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.

=Jolliet, Louis= (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and took minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (_q.v._) to discover the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the north sh.o.r.e of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the great river, pa.s.sing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July 17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St.

Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. =Index=: =F= Discoverer of Mississippi, 155. =WM= Descends Mississippi, 19. =L= Follows course of Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Margry, _Decouvertes et etabliss.e.m.e.nts des Francais_; Gagnon, _Louis Jolliet_. _See also_ Marquette.

=Jolliet, Zachary.= =F= His December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, 240.

=Joly de Lotbiniere, Sir Henri Gustave= (1829-1908). Studied law and called to the bar, 1855. Elected to a.s.sembly for Lotbiniere, 1861. Took a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led opposition in a.s.sembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1900. =Index=: =Md= Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the Letellier case, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Jones, Alfred Gilpin= (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation.

Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891.

Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. =Index=: =H= Asked by Howe to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova Scotia, 224. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc.

Can. Biog._

=Jones, John Paul= (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of Arbigland; a.s.sumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured the _Serapis_, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of rear-admiral. Died in Paris. =Index=: =Hd= Mentioned in Haldimand's correspondence, 245. =Bib.=: Sherbourne, _Life of Paul Jones_; Mackenzie, _Life of Paul Jones_; Hamilton, _Life of Paul Jones_; _Cyc.

Am. Biog._

=Jones, Jonas= (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan.

Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to the a.s.sembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_.

=Jones, Peter.= =R= His visit to England in 1831, 90.

=Jonquest, etienne.= =Ch= Marries Anne Hebert, 113; death of, 117.

=Jordan, John.= =W= Member for St. John in New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 105; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. =T= Defeated in St. John County in 1850, 11.

=Joseph, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron saint of Canada, 87. =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French colony placed under patronage of, 150.

=Jotard.= =Hd= Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.

=Journal de Quebec.= =C= Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.

=Journal Tenu a l'Armee.= =WM= Quoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.

=Juan de Fuca.= =D= His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his _Voyage_, 9, 19; his name rescued from oblivion, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Juan de Fuca Strait.= Between Vancouver Island and United States mainland. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick, 25. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Jubilee.= =Ch= Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.

=Juchereau, Jean.= =Ch= A settler from La Ferte Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.

=Juchereau, Mere.= =F= Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Riviere Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301. =L= On Laval's patience in trial, 240.

=Juchereau de St. Denis.= =F= Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

=Judah, Henry Hague= (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the a.s.sembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. =Index=: =E= Commissioner under Federal Tenure law, 186.

=Judges.= =Bk= Bill for exclusion of, pa.s.sed by Lower Canada a.s.sembly, but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion pa.s.sed, 145.

=Judicature.= =E= Measures relating to, pa.s.sed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87; =S= Act for establishing Superior Court for Upper Canada pa.s.sed, 92; amended, 94. =Sy= Bill pa.s.sed by Special Council, 255. =BL= Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303, 339.

=Jurisdiction, Question of.= =L= In New France, 163.

=Justices of the Peace.= _See_ Magistrates.