=Arthur, Sir George= (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of Bombay. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency pet.i.tions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. =Bk= Organizes military gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. =Sy= Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; reactionary in his views, 109-110; his att.i.tude towards responsible government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, 153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. =R= His efforts to repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, 119. _See_ Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada). =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.

=Asgill, Sir Charles= (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, 1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Chosen by lot for retaliatory hanging, 198. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron= (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in 1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. =Index=: =BL= Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118.

=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron= (1731-1783). =Index=: =Dr= Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Ashburton Treaty.= Negotiated between Great Britain and the United States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St.

John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the extradition of criminals. =Index=: =Sy= Sydenham takes part in negotiations leading to, 336. =W= Boundary question settled by, 135. =T= Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53.

=BL= Settlement of, 118. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History,_ Vol. vii; White, _The Ashburton Treaty_, in _Univ. Mag._, October, 1907; _The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword_, in _Univ. Mag._, December, 1908; Houston, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=a.s.sembly.= _See_ House of a.s.sembly.

=a.s.siniboia.= One of the provisional districts carved out of the North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, princ.i.p.ally in the latter.

=a.s.siniboine Indians.= A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640. They separated from the parent stock early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations in Alberta, and in Montana. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=a.s.siniboine River.= Discovered by La Verendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two years later, La Verendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading establishments at various points on the river. First named Riviere St.

Charles; afterwards Riviere des a.s.siliboilles, and Stone Indian River; finally settling in present form. =Bib.=: Bryce, _a.s.siniboine River and its Forts_ (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and a.s.siniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.

=a.s.sociation of Canadian Refugees.= =Mc= Formed in 1839, 448; object of, independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, 449.

=Astor, John Jacob= (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. =Index=: =Bk= Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Astor Fur Company.= =Index=: =D= Founds Astoria, 64. _See also_ Pacific Fur Company.

=Astoria.= Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of Washington Irving's delightful narrative _Astoria_. The fort stood on the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. =Index=: =D= Acquired by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over, 150. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of America_; c.o.x, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Adventures of First Settlers on Columbia River_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bradbury, _Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811_.

=Astorians.= Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the _Tonquin_; the other went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. =Index=: =D= Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, the _Tonquin_, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the overland expedition, 71. _See also_ Pacific Fur Company; _Tonquin_.

=Atahualpa.= =D= Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.

=Atalanta.= =Hd= Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.

=Atalante.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

=Athabaska.= One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern half of each.

=Athabaska Lake.= First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards moved to the north side of the lake. =Index=: Frobisher's men penetrate to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.

=Athabaska Pa.s.s.= Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company, in January, 1811. The pa.s.s was used thereafter by the traders as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. =Index=: =D= Discovered by David Thompson, 58.

=Athabaska River.= Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered by Peter Pond in 1778. =Index=: =MS= Pond builds post on, 21; named also Elk River and Riviere a la Biche, 21.

=Atkins, D. A.= =S= Opens school at Napanee, 167.

=Attignaouantans.= =Ch= Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.

=Attigninonghacs.= =Ch= Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.

=Aube-Riviere, Francois Louis de Pourroy de l'.= Appointed bishop of Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of fever on the 20th of the same month. =Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12.

=Aubere, Father Joseph.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.

=Aubert, Joseph.= =Ch= Director of the Company of New France, 170.

=Aubert de Gaspe, Philippe= (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer.

=Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 118. =Bib.=: Works: _Les Anciens Canadiens_, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G.

D. Roberts; _Memoires_. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _Biographies Canadiennes_; Roy, _etude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens_" (R. S. C., 1906).

=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles= (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665.

Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the colony. =Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.= =F= Trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.

=Aubry.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.

=Aubry.= =Ch= Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.

=Auckland, George Eden, Earl of= (1784-4849). =Index=: =Sy= President of board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.

=Auguste.= =Hd= Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.

=Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.= Jesuit missionary, with La Verendrye in his western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the Woods, May, 1736.

=Aumont, Marechal d'.= =Ch= Champlain serves under, 1.

=Austerlitz.= =Bk= Battle of, its significance, 72-73.

=Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.= _See_ Ruette d'Auteuil.

=Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.= Governor of New France, 1661-1663, succeeding D'Argenson. =Index=: =F= Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. =L= His att.i.tude on liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol= (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario.

Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron= (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. =Index=: =Bk= Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. =BL= Pays official salaries from the war chest, 21. =P= His influence did not extend beyond Quebec--hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory att.i.tude, 75-76; at open war with the a.s.sembly, 77-78; remonstrates with a.s.sembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, 88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Aylwin, Thomas Cushing= (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. =Index=: =Sy= Opposed to union of provinces, 235. =BL= Member for Portneuf, his relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87; his att.i.tude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. =E= One of opposition leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Babbitt, Samuel.= =T= Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5; also clerk of the parish, 5.

=Baby, James= (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. =Index=: =Bk= His house occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. =S= Member of Legislative and Executive Councils, 79. =Bib.=: Daniel, _Nos Gloires Nationales_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Baby, Louis Francois Georges= (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873.

Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, 1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_.