At _Fast_ I 531-34 Ovid uses the same metaphor, as here, of Tiberius'

accession to power: (Carmenta is prophesying Rome's future) 'et penes Augustos patriae tutela manebit: / hanc fas _imperii frena_ tenere domum. / inde nepos natusque dei [Tiberius was the adopted son of Augustus, and therefore the grandson of Julius Caesar], licet ipse _recuset_, / pondera caelesti mente paterna feret'. In all of these passages Ovid may have had in mind _Aen_ VII 600 (of Latinus) 'saepsit se tectis _rerumque_ reliquit _habenas_'.

=27-28. FRENA ... SAEPE RECVSATI ... IMPERII.= At _Tr_ V iv 15-16 Ovid had used _frena recusare_ of a horse: 'fert tamen, ut debet, casus patienter amaros, / more nec indomiti _frena recusat_ equi'. This perhaps influenced his choice of words here.

=27. COACTVS= _excerpta Scaligeri_ ROGATVS _codd_. Ovid is referring to the second meeting of the Senate after the death of Augustus (the first meeting had been devoted to funeral arrangements); at this meeting there had been some confusion over Tiberius' intentions. _Rogatus_ is awkward to construe, since Tiberius must already have been asked to accept power: otherwise he could not have refused the offer. The difficulty of _rogatus_ is clearly shown by the description of the scene in Tacitus: 'et ille [_sc_ Tiberius] uarie disserebat de magnitudine imperii sua modestia. solam diui Augusti mentem tantae molis capacem: se in partem curarum ab illo uocatum experiendo didicisse quam arduum, quam subiectum fortunae regendi cuncta onus, proinde in ciuitate tot inlustribus uiris subnixa non ad unum omnia deferrent: plures facilius munia rei publicae sociatis laboribus executuros ... senatu ad infimas obtestationes procumbente, dixit forte Tiberius se ut non toti rei publicae parem, ita quaecumque pars sibi mandaretur eius tutelam suscepturum ... fessus ... clamore omnium, expostulatione singulorum flexit paulatim, non ut fateretur suscipi a se imperium, sed ut negare et _rogari_ desineret'

(_Ann_ I 11-13). Scaliger's conjecture is supported by (and is probably based on) the corresponding description at Suetonius _Tib_ 24 'principatum ... diu ... recusauit ... tandem quasi _coactus_ et querens miseram et onerosam iniungi sibi seruitutem, recepit imperium'.

Professor A. Dalzell notes, however, that Suetonius' description is an imperfect parallel, since _coactus_ is there modified by _quasi_; he suggests to me that _rogatus_ could be accepted, if it is taken closely with _recusati_--Tiberius finally accepted what he had many times been offered and had many times refused.

=29. VESTAM.= Ovid similarly equates Livia with Venus and Juno at _EP_ III i 117-18 'quae Veneris formam, mores Iunonis habendo / sola est caelesti digna reperta toro', and implicitly equates her with Juno at _Fast_ I 650 'sola toro magni digna reperta Iouis'. These appear to be instances of metaphor rather than true equations; but PW XIII,1 913-14 cites inscriptions indicating a cult of Livia-as-Juno.

=29-30. LIVIA ... AMBIGVVM NATO DIGNIOR ANNE VIRO.= Tiberius is mentioned by Ovid in connection with Livia at _Fast_ I 649, a description of the rededication of the temple of Concordia in AD 10: 'hanc tua constituit genetrix et rebus et ara', but does not figure in Ovid's other mentions of Livia (_Fast_ V 157-58, _Tr_ II 161-62, _EP_ II viii 29-30, and _EP_ III i 117-18); these passages would have been written before Tiberius'

assumption of power.

For the coupling of both Augustus and Tiberius with Livia, Professor C.

P. Jones cites '[Greek: he doious skeptroisi theous auchousa Sebaste / Kaisaras]' from an epigram of Ovid's contemporary Honestus.[27]

[Footnote 27: Honestus XXI 1-2 Gow-Page (_Garland of Philip_); discussed by Professor Jones at _HSCP_ 74 (1970) 249-55.]

=30. AMBIGVVM.= The same use of _ambiguum_ (which may be an Ovidian peculiarity) at _Met_ I 765-66 '_ambiguum_ Clymene precibus Phaethontis an ira / mota magis' and _Met_ XI 235-36 'est specus in medio, natura factus an arte / _ambiguum_, magis arte tamen'.

=30. ANNE.= The word is found at _Am_ III xi 49-50 'quicquid eris, mea semper eris; tu selige tantum, / me quoque uelle uelis, _anne_ coactus amem' and _Fast_ VI 27-28 (Juno speaking) 'est aliquid nupsisse Ioui, Iouis esse sororem / fratre magis dubito glorier _anne_ uiro'; the resemblances between this and the present passage are obvious. Bomer _ad loc_ cites instances of _anne_ from Plautus (_Amph_ 173), Terence (_Eun_ 556), Cicero (_Fin_ IV 23, _Att_ XII xiv 2), and Virgil (_G_ I 32 & II 159, _Aen_ VI 864).

=31. DVOS IVVENES.= Germanicus and Drusus. For other mentions of them, see _Tr_ II 167 'tui, sidus iuuenale, nepotes', _Tr_ IV ii 9 'et qui Caesareo iuuenes sub nomine crescunt', _EP_ II ii 71-72 'praeterit ipse suos animo Germanicus annos, / nec uigor est Drusi nobilitate minor', and _EP_ II viii 33-34.

=31. ADIVMENTA.= The word is rare in verse (but see Lucretius VI 1022 and Silius XI 605 & XVI 12), and Ovid here seems to be giving a version of the construction in which people are said to be _adiumento_, as at Cic _Att_ XII xxxi 2 'magno etiam adiumento nobis Hermogenes potest esse in repraesentando ['in making cash payment'--Shackleton Bailey]', Varro _LL_ V 90, and _Rhet Her_ III 29. _TLL_ I 704 1 cites "Caecil. _mort._ 18" for 'duo minores, qui sint adiumento', which resembles the present passage, but I do not understand the reference: "Caecil." does not appear in the table of authors.

=33. NON PATRIA ... SCRIPTA CAMENA.= 'Written in a poem that was not in Latin'. This is the only instance in Ovid of this sense of _Camena_, which seems to have been a Horatian idiom: see _Carm_ II xvi 38 'spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae', _Ep_ I i 1-3 'Prima dicte mihi, summa dicende Camena ... Maecenas', and _AP_ 275 'tragicae ... Camenae'.

Professor R. J. Tarrant cites Martial XII xciv 5 'fila lyrae moui Calabris exculta Camenis', which possibly refers to Horace.

=36. MVRMVR.= The hum caused by the exchange of approving comments.

Compare _Met_ XIII 123-24 'finierat Telamone satus, uulgique secutum / ultima _murmur_ erat'. Livy (XXXII 22 1) has a _murmur_ of mingled praise and dissent following a speech: '_murmur_ ortum aliorum cum adsensu, aliorum inclementer adsentientes increpantium'. Other _murmura_ are disapproving or anxious, as at _Met_ I 206, VIII 431 & IX 421, and _Aen_ XII 238-39.

The Latin _murmur_ could be quite loud: Martial uses the word of a lion's roar (VIII liii [lv] 1).

=40. SEXTA ... BRVMA.= The poem must have been written in the winter of 14.

=41. NOCVERVNT.= _Nocere_ again used of the _Ars Amatoria_ at xiv 20 'telaque adhuc demens quae _nocuere_ sequor?' and _Tr_ IV 1 35.

=42. PRIMAQVE TAM MISERAE CAVSA FVERE FVGAE.= The second cause was of course Ovid's _error_ (_EP_ III iii 67-72).

=43. STVDII COMMVNIA FOEDERA SACRI.= Similar references to shared poetic interests at viii 81 '_communia sacra_ tueri', _EP_ II v 60 (to Salanus, a famous orator) 'seruat _studii foedera_ quisque sui', _EP_ II ix 63-64 (to Cotys, king of Thrace, who was a writer of verse) 'haec quoque res aliquid tecum mihi _foederis_ adfert; / eiusdem _sacri_ cultor uterque sumus', _EP_ II x 17 'sunt tamen inter se _communia sacra_ poetis', and _EP_ III iv 67 'sunt mihi uobiscum _communia sacra_, poetae'.

The _foedera_ would carry the obligation of mutual assistance.

=44. PER NON VILE TIBI NOMEN AMICITIAE.= 'By the name of friendship which is not cheap in your eyes' (Wheeler). Professor R. J. Tarrant cites similar invocations at _Tr_ I viii 15 'illud _amicitiae_ sanctum et uenerabile nomen', and _EP_ II iii 19-20 'illud _amicitiae_ quondam uenerabile _nomen_ / prostat', III ii 43 & III ii 100.

=44-46. AMICITIAE ... INGENIIS.= For Ovid's use of quadrisyllable endings for pentameters, see at ii 10 _Alcinoo_ (p 164).

=45-46. SIC VINCTO LATIIS GERMANICVS HOSTE CATENIS / MATERIAM VESTRIS ADFERAT INGENIIS.= Compare _EP_ II viii 39-40 'sic fera quam primum pauido Germania uultu / ante triumphantes serua feratur equos'.

Germanicus celebrated his triumph in 17: see Tac _Ann_ II 41.

_Vestris_ is a true plural referring to Carus and other poets who might be inspired by Germanicus' exploits. For this use of _uester_ to address one member of a collectivity, see Austin on _Aen_ I 140 and Fordyce on Catullus XXIX 20.

=45. VINCTO= is my restoration for the manuscripts' CAPTO, which I am unable to construe with _catenis_. _Vincto_ was first corrupted to _uicto_, which was then displaced by the gloss _capto_. For the picture compare _AA_ I 215 'ibunt ante duces onerati colla catenis'; for _uincto_ compare Livy VII 27 8 'eos _uinctos_ consul ante currum triumphans egit', and for _uincto ... catenis_ compare Caesar _BG_ I 53 'trinis catenis uinctus'.

=47. PVERI.= The sons of Germanicus: Nero, Drusus III, and Gaius Caligula.

=47. VOTVM COMMVNE DEORVM.= Wheeler translates 'the source of universal prayers to the gods'. But it seems difficult to take _uotum_ in this sense, and impossible to construe _deorum_. Andre translates 'c'est le voeu de tous les dieux', but it seems strange to have gods forming a _uotum_. Postgate placed a comma before _deorum_; but Germanicus and Agrippina were not gods. Heinsius conjectured SVORVM, but this seems rather forced. I suspect that _deorum_ is correct, the sense of the passage being close to that of _Fast_ II 63-64 'templorum positor, templorum sancte repostor, / sit superis opto mutua cura tui'; but what originally stood in place of _uotum_ is not clear.

=48. QVOS LAVS FORMANDOS EST TIBI MAGNA DATOS.= 'Whose entrustment to you for education is an immense honour'. For the construction Ehwald (_KB_ 68) cites _Aen_ IX 92 (Cybebe asks that Aeneas' ships be rescued from fire) 'prosit nostris in montibus ortas', 'let it profit them that it was in my mountains that they had their origin' (Jackson Knight).

=49. MOMENTA.= 'Influence'. Compare Caesar _BC_ III 70 2 'ita paruae res magnum in utramque partem _momentum_ habuerunt', Livy I 47 6, Hor _Ep_ I x 15-16 'ubi gratior aura / leniat et rabiem Canis et _momenta_ Leonis', and Manilius II 901 (of the fifth temple) 'hic _momenta_ manent nostrae plerumque salutis'.

=49. MOMENTA= _Vaticanus 1595 (saec xv), sicut coni Scaliger et Gronouius_ MONIMENTA _BCMFHILT_. Similarly, most manuscripts have _monimenta_ at _Met_ XI 285-86 (Ceyx to Peleus) 'adicis huic animo ['my kindly nature']

_momenta_ potentia, clarum / nomen auumque Iouem'.

=49-50. SALVTI, / QVAE NISI MVTATO NVLLA FVTVRA LOCO EST.= A similar qualification of _salus_ at _Met_ IX 530-31 'quam nisi tu dederis non est habitura salutem / hanc tibi mittit amans'; Bomer _ad loc_ cites other word-plays with _salus_ at _Her_ IV 1, XVI 1 & XVIII 1, and at _Tr_ III iii 87-88.

=50. MVTATO ... LOCO.= See at viii 86 _qui minus ... distet_ (p 284).

XIV. To Tuticanus

In his first poem to Tuticanus, Ovid had promised that other poems would follow: 'teque canam quacumque nota, _tibi carmina mittam_' (xii 19).

The present poem was written quite shortly after xii, perhaps in AD 16: 'Haec tibi mittuntur quem sum _modo_ carmine questus / non aptum numeris nomen habere meis'.

The opening distich indicates that the poem is addressed to Tuticanus.

The dedication is a perfunctory one, however, since he is not referred to at any other point of the letter: Ovid perhaps felt that he had fulfilled any obligations he had to Tuticanus with the highly personal earlier poem.

In 3-14 Ovid expresses at length his wish to be sent anywhere, even the Syrtes, Charybdis, or the Styx, as long as he can escape Tomis. Such complaints as these have caused the Tomitans to be angry with him (15-22). But he has been misunderstood: he was complaining not of the people but of the land. Hesiod criticized Ascra, Ulysses Ithaca, and Metrodorus Rome, all with impunity, but Ovid's verse has once more caused him trouble (23-44). The Tomitans have been as kind to him as the Paeligni would have been: they have even granted him immunity from taxation, and publicly crowned him (45-56). After this lengthy account of the Tomitans, he moves to an unexpectedly quick summing-up: Tomis is as dear to him as Delos is to Latona (57-60). This conclusion is immediately undercut by the final distich: his only wish is that Tomis were not subject to attack, and that it had a better climate. This type of undercutting is paralleled elsewhere in Ovid's verse: I discuss these passages at 61-62.

At ix 97-104 Ovid had mentioned the Tomitans' sympathy for him; but the present poem is unique for the praise Ovid bestows on them, and furnishes a striking contrast to the horrific picture of Tomis in, for instance, _Tr_ V x. A primary purpose of Ovid's poetry from exile was to secure recall, and so he no doubt intentionally emphasized his hardships; it is clear enough from this poem that at the same time he was in fact reaching an accommodation with his new conditions of life.

=3. VTCVMQVE.= 'Somehow (in spite of my hardships)'. The word is used by Ovid only in the poetry of exile, and only in this sense: compare _Ibis_ 9-10 'quisquis is est (nam nomen adhuc _utcumque_ tacebo), / cogit inassuetas sumere tela manus' and _EP_ III ix 53 'postmodo collectas [_sc_ litteras] utcumque sine ordine iunxi'. This is a prose sense of _utcumque_, common in Livy; when the word is used in verse, it generally means 'whenever' (Hor _Epod_ XVII 52, _Carm_ I xvii 10, I xxxv 23, II xvii 11, III iv 29 & IV iv 35) or 'however' (_Aen_ VI 822; the only instance of the word in Virgil).

=4. TE= _Berolinensis Diez. B. Sant. 1, saec xiii Bodleianus Rawlinson G 105ul_ ME _BCMFHILT_. _Me_ seems unlikely to be right, for the phrase 'nil me praeterea quod iuuet inuenies' would not only be awkward in itself, but would also be in apparent contradiction with the following 'ipsa quoque est inuisa salus', where _salus_ refers back to _utcumque ualemus_.

=4. INVENIES.= See at ii 10 _Alcinoo_ (p 164).

=5. VLTIMA VOTA.= 'My utmost wish'. For this sense of _ultimus_ compare Cic _Fin_ III 30 'summum bonum, quod _ultimum_ appello', Livy XXVII 10 11 'aurum ... quod ... ad _ultimos_ casus ['the greatest emergencies']

seruabatur promi placuit', Hor _Carm_ II vii 1-2 'O saepe mecum tempus in _ultimum_ / deducte Bruto militiae duce' (_tempus_ has the same meaning as _casus_ in the passage from Livy), and Petronius 24 'non tenui ego diutius lacrimas ... ad _ultimam_ perductus tristitiam'.

=6. SCILICET= seems difficult to explain in this context, and the translators ignore its presence. ILICET ('at once') should possibly be read: the corruption of the rarer word to the more common would be easy enough in view of the final _s_ of the preceding _istis_.