[40] Cato, doubtless reflecting on the difficulty with which he had formed his own style, says "_Literarum radices amarae, fructus incundiores_."

[41] Liv. lxxiv. Epit.

[42] _aulo influxit vehementius ... agrestis ille quidem et horridus_.-- Cic. leg. i. 2, 6. So "_addidit historiae maiorem sonum_," id. de Or. ii.

12, 54.

[43] xxix. 27.

[44] Plut. Numa. i.

[45] ix. 13. So Fronto ap. Gell. xiii. 29, 2.

[46] _Aegis katestoaumenae_, as distinct from _Aegis eiromenae_, Ar. Rhet.

[47] vii. 9.

[48] Liv. xxiii. 2.

[49] Id. xx. 8.

[50] iv. 7.

CHAPTER X.

[1] The evil results of a judicial system like that of Rome are shown by the lax views of so good a man as Quintilian, who compares deceiving the judges to a painter producing illusions by perspective (ii. 17, 21). "Nec Cicero, c.u.m se tenebras offudisse iudicibus in causa Cluentii gloriatus est, nihil ipse vidit. Et pictor, c.u.m vi artis suae efficit, ut quaedam eminere in opere, quaedam recessisse credamus, ipse ea plana esse non nescit."

[2] x. 1. 32.

[3] See the article _Judicia Publica_ in Ramsay's Manual of Roman Antiquities.

[4] The reader is referred to the admirable account of the Athenian _dicasteries_ in Grote's History of Greece.

[5] See Forsyth's Life of Cicero, ch. 3.

[6] Brut. xiv. 53.

[7] Quint. ii. 16, 8.

[8] _Peitho_ quam vocant Graeci, cuius effector est Orator, hanc Suadam appellavit Ennius.--_Cic. Br_. 58.

[9] Brut. 65.

[10] Brut. 293.

[11] Cic. Sen. ii. 38.

[12] viii. 7, 1.

[13] Diom. ii. p. 468.

[14] Ep. ad. Anton. i. 2, p. 99.

[15] Jordan, p. 41.

[16] Brut. 82.

[17] Wordsworth gives extracts from Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus (228-169 B.C.), C. t.i.tius (161 B.C.), Metellus Macedonicus (140 B.C.), the latter apparently modernised.

[18] He and Scipio are thus admirably characterised by Horace:--

"Virtus Scipiadae et mitis sapientia Laeli."

[19] Brut. xxi. 83.

[20] Cic. Brut, xxiii. The narrator from whom Cicero heard it was Rutilius Rufus.

[21] He did not attempt to justify himself, but by parading his little children he appealed with success to the compa.s.sion of his judges!

[22] In 149 B.C. Piso established a permanent commission to sit throughout the year for hearing all charges under the law _de Repetundis_. Before this every case was tried by a special commission. Under Sulla all crimes were brought under the jurisdiction of their respective commissions, which established the complete system of courts of law.

[23] Ch. 34.

[24] Brut. 97, 333.

[25] Hist. Rom. bk. iv. ch. iii.

[26] Cic. de Or. III. lx. 225.

[27] Brut. x.x.xiii. 125.

[28] The same will be observed in Greece. We are apt to think that the s.p.a.ce devoted to personal abuse in the _De Corona_ is too long. But it was the universal custom.

[29] Tac. Or. 26.

[30] Fronto, Ep. ad Ant. p. 114.

[31] Cic. Brut. xxix.

[32] Hor. Od. i. 12.

[33] n.o.bilis ornatur lauro collega secunda.--_Juv._ x.

[34] See Brut. x.x.xv. 132, _sq._

[35] See Dunlop, vol. ii. p. 274.

[36] _I.e._ the continuous edict, as being issued fresh with every fresh praetor.