[488] Vol. i. 371; Movers, "Phoeniz." 1, 609 ff.

[489] Oros. 4, 22; Strabo, p. 832.

[490] Sall. "Jug." 19.

[491] The various statements about the year of the foundation of Carthage are collected in Muller, "Geograph. Graeci min." 1, xix. It is impossible to fix the foundation more accurately than about the middle of the ninth century B.C. We may place it in the year 846 B.C. if we rest on the 143-2/3 years of Josephus from the building of the temple (according to our own date 990 B.C.), and the round sum given by Appian--that 700 years elapsed from the founding by Dido to the destruction of the city; "Rom. Hist." 8, 132.

[492] Ezekiel xxvii. 9.

[493] Renan, "Mission de Phenicie," p. 199.

[494] Diod. 16, 41, 45; fragm. 23, ed. Bipont; cf. Justin. 18, 6.

[495] Joseph. "Antiq." 14, 12, 4, 5; Curt. 4, 15.

[496] Liv. 28, 37; Movers, "Phoeniz." 2, 1, 490 ff, 529 ff.

[497] Servius, "ad aeneid." 1, 738.

[498] Ezekiel xxviii. 2-17.

[499] Psalm xlv. 9-15. Though it is doubtful whether there is any reference here to Tyre, the court-life of the Israelites was imitated from the Phenicians.

[500] Hosea ix. 13.

[501] Ezekiel xxvii. 4-7.

[502] Strabo, pp. 754, 756.

[503] Lucian, "De Syria dea," 3-5.

[504] Renan, "Mission de Phenicie," p. 39 ff, 362.

[505] Ceccaldi, "Le Monument de Sarba," Revue Archeolog. 1878.

[506] Renan, "Mission de Phenicie," p. 60 ff.

[507] Beule, "Nachgrabungen zu Karthago," s. 98 ff (translation).

[508] Gen. x.x.xv. 20.

[509] Renan, _loc. cit._ 412 ff.

[510] In Cyprus also a mask of this kind has been found.

[511] Von Gutschmid, in "Fleckeisens Jahrbucher," 1875, s. 579.

[512] [Greek: ATHeNAION s' g' pinax]; A. 7, B. 8.

[513] Helbig, "Cenni sopra l'arte fenicia," p. 17 ff.

[514] Ceccaldi, "Les fouilles de Curium," Revue Archeolog. 1877.

[515] Renan, _loc. cit._ pp. 175, 181, 397.

[516] Job xix. 23.

[517] Rodiger, "Z. D. M. G." 9, 647; Schlottmann, "Inschrift Esmunazars;" Halevy, "Melanges," pp. 9, 34; Oppert, "Records of the Past," 9, 109.

[518] Strabo, p. 757.

[519] Joshua xix. 26. Strabo, p. 758. Tacitus says, "On the sh.o.r.e of Judaea the Belus falls into the sea: the sand collected at the mouth of this river, when mixed with saltpetre, is melted into gla.s.s. The strip of sh.o.r.e is of moderate extent, but inexhaustible;" "Hist." 5, 7

[520] Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 5, 17.

[521] Adolph Schmidt, "Forschungen auf dem Gebiete des Alterthums," s.

69.

[522] Schmidt, _loc. cit._ 129 ff.

[523] Herod. 4, 151; Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 9, 60; Strabo, pp. 145, 835.

[524] Strabo, p. 757.

[525] Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 5, 17.

[526] Plut. "Alex." c. 36.

[527] Movers, "Phoeniz." 3, 103.

[528] Job xxviii. 1-11. In this description the author could only have Phenician mines in his eye.

[529] Mullenhoff, "Deutsche Altertumskunde," 1, 120 ff.

[530] Strabo, p. 142. Kotini = the Oleastrum of the Romans; Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 3, 3. Ptolem. 2, 4, 14.

[531] Strabo, pp. 175, 176, 120; Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 7, 57.

[532] Ezekiel xxvii. 5, 6; Levy, "Siegel und Gemmen." If the first text of the Pentateuch represents the names of the tribes of the people as engraved upon the precious stones in the shield on the breast of the high priest (Exod. xxv. 7; xxviii. 9 ff, _supra_, 207), the author had, no doubt, the work of Phenician artists in his eye.

[533] Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 5, 13.

[534] Diodor. 19, 58.

[535] Isaiah ii. 16.

[536] Xen. "Oecon." 8, 12.

[537] Movers, "Phoeniz." 3, 182 ff, 191 ff.