FOOTNOTES:

[506] The inscription of Behistun speaks of Harauvatis and Gandara as subjugated; the inscription of Persepolis of Harauvatis, Idhus, and Gandara. Hence Harauvatis and Gandhara belong to the hereditary part of the kingdom; Idhus (Indun in the Balylonian form) was an addition. As Herodotus speaks of Caspapyrus along with Pactyike, and Hecataeus gives Caspapyrus to the Gandarians, the place may be identified with Cabul.

[507] Herod. 7, 65, 66, 86.

[508] Herod. 8, 113.

[509] Herod. 4, 40; 3, 102.

[510] Strabo, p. 705, 706. Cf. Arrian, "Anab." 5, 4; Plin. "Hist. Nat."

6, 22; 11, 36.

[511] La.s.sen, "Ind. Alterth." 1^2, 1020.

[512] Above, p. 249. Manu, 10, 43-45.

[513] Ritter, "Asien," 2, 653. La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 499, 500.

[514] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 1022.

[515] Moorcroft, "Asiatic Researches," 12, 435 ff.

[516] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 769; 2^2, 151, n. 5.

[517] Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 249.

[518] Muir, _loc. cit._ 3, 350. "Mahavanca," p. 47.

[519] "Anab." 3, 8. Strabo, p. 678.

[520] A. Weber, "Vorles." s. 147^2.

[521] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 2, 522 ff.

[522] Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 408. "Mahavanca," ed. Turnour, p. 39 ff.

[523] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 861; cf. 2^2, 163.

[524] A. Weber, "Vorlesungen," 74^2, 85^2.

[525] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 794; 2^2, 181.

[526] La.s.sen, "De Pentapotamia Indica," p. 22, 63: "Alterthumskunde," 1, 822.

[527] Arrian, "Anab." 5, 22; Curt. 8, 12, 13.

[528] Droysen, "Alexander," s. 302.

[529] The Kophaios of the Greeks is obviously the prince who reigns at Kophen, _i.e._ at Cabul.

[530] Droysen explains this name, no doubt correctly, from the name of the river Astacenus; _loc. cit._ s. 374.

[531] La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 502.

[532] Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 691, tells us that the army wintered in the mountain land of the Hippasians and the a.s.saca.n.u.s (so we must read here for [Greek: Mousikanos]). The Guraeans must be considered a tribe of the Acvakas.

[533] Arrian, "Anab." 4, 24.

[534] Arrian, "Anab." 4, 25.

[535] Curt. 8, 10; Justin, 12, 7; Arrian, "Anab." 4, 27.

[536] Cunningham, "Survey," 2, 103 ff. The accompanying sketch gives a clear idea of the gorge over which Alexander laid the dam, in order to reach the walls of the citadel.

[537] The Abissareans of Arrian ("Ind." 4, 12), from whose mountains the Soanas flows into the Indus, can only be the inhabitants of the district called Abhisara, which comprises the ranges of the Himalayas in the region of the sources of the Vitasta; Ritter, "Erdkunde," 3, 1085 ff.

According to Droysen ("Alexander," s. 373), La.s.sen ("Alterth." 2^2, 163), and the statements of Onesicritus (in Strabo, p. 598) on the serpents of Abisares, we must a.s.sume that Abhisara belonged to Cashmere, and was at that time the seat of the king of Cashmere, and the Greeks took the name of the prince from the name of the land.

[538] Arrian, "Anab." 4, 22, 30. Strabo, p. 691, 698.

[539] Diod. 17, 86.

[540] Cunningham, "Geogr." p. 111, considers the ruins near the modern Shahderi to mark the site of the ancient Takshacila.

[541] Diod. 17, 86.

[542] Arrian. "Anab." 5, 8. Strabo, p. 698.

[543] Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715

[544] Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

[545] Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 714.

[546] In Arrian ("Anab." 7, 2) and Plutarch ("Alex." 65) Dandamis.

[547] Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715.

[548] Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

[549] Plutarch, "De Fluviis," 1. La.s.sen, _loc. cit._ 1^2, 721; 2^2, 154.

[550] Droysen, _loc. cit._ s. 388.

[551] Arrian, "Anab." 5, 18.

[552] Droysen, _loc. cit._ s. 400.

[553] Arrian, "Anab." 5, 21