David Laird and Jeffrey Novak, "Biochar and Soil Quality," Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 2nd ed. (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2011), pp. 14.

372 when Victory Gardens were planted during World War II

National WWII Museum, "Victory Gardens at a Glance," 2009, http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/at-a-glance/victory-gardens.html.

373 keep up with the extra food production needed

David Pimentel et al., "Impact of a Growing Population on Natural Resources: The Challenge for Environmental Management," Frontiers 3 (1997).

374 (approximately 25 million acres) every year

Lang, " 'Slow Insidious' Soil Erosion."

375 mostly in Kazakhstan (1954)-and created their own Dust Bowl

Lester Brown, World on the Edge (New York: Norton, 2011), http://www.earthpolicy.org/books/wote/wotech3.

376 Aral Sea, almost completely disappeared

NASA, "A Shrinking Sea, Aral Sea," July 23, 2012, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/landsat/news/40th-top10-aralsea.html.

377 eroded land to gra.s.sland and a nationwide effort to fight soil erosion

Andrew Gla.s.s, "FDR Signs Soil Conservation Act, April 27, 1935," Politico, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36362.html.

378 "Drylands are on the front line"

Alister Doyle, "World Urged to Stop Net Desertification by 2030," Reuters, June 14, 2011.

379 way of life for an estimated one billion people in 100 countries

Ibid.

380 "dust storm moved through a large swatch of Arizona"

"Historic Dust Storm Sweeps Across Arizona, Turns Day into Night," July 6, 2011, Reuters.

381 unusually large number of them in recent years

"7 Hab.o.o.bs Have Hit Arizona Since July," KVOA, September 28, 2011, http://www.kvoa.com/news/7-hab.o.o.bs-have-hit-arizona-since-july/.

382 describing what is in store for many regions of desertifying drylands

Joe Romm, "Desertification: The Next Dust Bowl," Nature, October 2011.

383 "China, western Mongolia, and central Asia; the other in central Africa"

Lester Brown, "The Great Food Crisis of 2011," Foreign Policy, January 10, 2011.

384 have increased tenfold during the last fifty years

Gaia Vince, "Dust Storms on the Rise Globally," New Scientist, August 2004.

385 "activity and 40 percent of the continent's population"

"Desertification Affects 70 Percent of Economic Activity in Africa," Pana Press, October 24, 2011.

386 United States' Midwest just prior to the Dust Bowl

Rattan Lal, interview with author, July 2, 2009; Rattan Lal, "Global Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect," Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 22, no. 2 (2003): 15184.

387 the number of livestock exploded

Brown, Plan B 4.0.

388 Muslims moving from the north into non-Muslim areas