89 first symbolic clash between communism and capitalism

Marx, however, wrote in The Communist Manifesto that the 1848 French revolution was the first "cla.s.s struggle."

90 "forever celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new society"

Karl Marx, "The Fall of Paris," May 1871, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/ch06.htm.

91 white flag that had been flown by Parisians

Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 187071 (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), p. 433.

92 obsessively following the daily reports

Sacks, "Corporate Citizenship."

93 than any other story that year besides government corruption

John Harland Hicks and Robert Tucker, Revolution & Reaction: The Paris Commune, 1871 (Amherst: University of Ma.s.sachusetts Press, 1973), p. 60; Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 18651900 (New York: Vintage Books, 2008), p. 153.

94 bankruptcy of financier and railroad entrepreneur Jay Cooke

"The Panic of 1873," The American Experience, Ulysses S. Grant, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-panic/.

95 "opportunity or the incentive to spread abroad"

"The Communists," New York Times, January 20, 1874.

96 decided to make it his mission to strengthen corporations

Sacks, "Corporate Citizenship."

97 Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became president, and the following year

"Domestic Politics," The American Experience, TR, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-domestic/.

98 inside his new Department of Commerce and Labor

Ibid.

99 break up J. P. Morgan's Northern Securities Corporation

Ibid.

100 112 corporations worth a combined $571 billion (in 2012 dollars)

Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, p. 67.

101 "twice the total a.s.sessed value of all property in thirteen states"

Ibid.

102 This was followed by forty more ant.i.trust suits

"Domestic Politics," PBS.

103 protected more than 230 million acres of land

Ibid.

104 winning the n.o.bel Peace Prize

Historians now believe that, while Roosevelt was no doubt essential to the brokering of an effective deal, he was not truly a neutral arbiter and tilted heavily toward j.a.pan in private. See James Bradley, "Diplomacy That Will Live in Infamy," New York Times, December 6, 2009.

105 "wise custom" by serving only two terms