444 Malaria has also been reduced significantly

United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2011.

445 Although an ambitious effort in the 1950s to eradicate malaria

"Malaria Eradication No Vague Aspiration, Says Gates," Reuters, October 18, 2011.

446 did succeed in eliminating the terrible scourge of smallpox in 1980

Katie Hafner, "Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual," New York Times, September 14, 2006.

447 succeeded in eliminating a second disease, rinderpest

Donald G. McNeil Jr., "Rinderpest, Scourge of Cattle, Is Vanquished," New York Times, June 27, 2011.

448 chronic diseases that are not communicable

Ala Alwan, World Health Organization, "Monitoring and Surveillance of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: Progress and Capacity in High-Burden Countries," Lancet 376 (November 2010): 186168.

449 ma.s.sive effort to create a "Cancer Genome Atlas"

Gina Kolata, "Genetic Aberrations Seen as Path to Stop Colon Cancer," New York Times, July 18, 2012.

450 possibilities for shutting off the blood supply to cancerous cells

Erika Check Hayden, "Cutting Off Cancer's Supply Lines," Nature, April 20, 2009.

451 dismantling their defense mechanisms

Nicholas Wade, "New Cancer Treatment Shows Promise in Testing," New York Times, June 28, 2009.

452 to identify and attack the cancer cells

Denise Grady, "An Immune System Trained to Kill Cancer," New York Times, September 9, 2011.

453 that involve proteomics-the decoding

Henry Rodriguez, "Fast-Tracking Personalized Medicine: The New Proteomics Pipeline," R&D Directions, 2012, http://www.pharmalive.com/magazines/randd/view.cfm?articleID=9178#.

454 all of the proteins translated by cancer genes

Danny Hillis, "Understanding Cancer Through Proteomics," TEDMED 2010, October 2010, http://www.ted.com/talks/danny_hillis_two_frontiers_of_cancer_treatment.html.

455 it is actually more akin to a list of parts or ingredients

Ibid.

456 reprogramming cells to restore the health of heart muscles

Leila Haghighat, "Regenerative Medicine Repairs Mice from Top to Toe," Nature, April 18, 2012.

457 for combating chronic diseases is to make changes in lifestyles

World Health Organization, World Health Statistics, 2011, p. 19.

458 spreading from North America and Western Europe to the rest of the world

Pedro C. Hallal et al., "Global Physical Activity Levels: Surveillance Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects," Lancet 380, no. 9838 (2012): 24757; Gretchen Reynolds, "The Couch Potato Goes Global," New York Times, Well blog, July 18, 2012, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/the-couch-potato-goes-global/.

459 from conditions linked with physical inactivity than die from smoking

Pamela Das and Richard Horton, "Rethinking Our Approach to Physical Activity," Lancet 380, no. 9838 (2012): 18990; Reynolds, "The Couch Potato Goes Global."

460 ten deaths worldwide is now due to diseases caused by persistent inactivity