The Bronte Family.

Vol. 1.

by Francis A. Leyland.

PREFACE.

It has long seemed to me that the history of the Bronte family is incomplete, and, in some senses, not well understood. Those who have written upon it--as I shall have occasion to point out in these pages--have had certain objects in view, which have, perhaps necessarily, led them to give undue weight to special points and to overlook others. Thus it happens that, though there are in the hands of the public several able works on the Brontes, there are many circ.u.mstances relating to them that are yet in comparative obscurity.

Especially has injustice been done to one member of the family--Patrick Branwell Bronte--whose life has several times been treated by those who have had some other object in view; and, through a misunderstanding of the character of the brother, the sisters, Anne in particular, have been put, in some respects, in a false light also. This circ.u.mstance, coupled with the fact that I am in possession of much new information, and am able to print here a considerable quant.i.ty of unknown poetry from Branwell's hand, has induced me to write this work. Those of his poems which are included in these volumes are placed in dealing with the periods of his life in which they were written, for I felt that, however great might be the advantages of putting them together in a complete form, much more would be lost both to the interest of the poems and the life of their author in doing so. Branwell's poems, more, perhaps, than those of any other writer, are so clearly expressive of his feelings at the time of their writing, that a correct view of his character is only to be obtained by looking upon them as parts of his life-history, which indeed they are. And, moreover, when we consider the circ.u.mstances under which any of these were written, our understanding and appreciation of the subject must necessarily be much fuller and truer. It has not escaped the attention of writers on the Bronte story that Branwell had an important influence on his sisters; and, though I maintain it to have been essentially different from what others allege, it would not be possible to do justice either to him or to them without saying a good deal about his character.

I have felt it right, in these pages, to some extent also, to re-consider the character of the Rev. Patrick Bronte, which has, along with that of his son, suffered unfair treatment in the biographies of his daughters. I have likewise entered upon some account of the local circ.u.mstances of art and literature which surrounded the Brontes, an element in their history which has. .h.i.therto been unknown, but is especially necessary to a right understanding of the life and work of Branwell Bronte and his sisters. These circ.u.mstances, and the altered view I have taken of the tone of the lives of Mr. Bronte and his son, have obliged me to deal more fully than would otherwise have been necessary with the early years of the Brontes, but I venture to hope that this may be atoned for by the new light I have thus been enabled to throw on some important points. There are published here, for the first time, a series of letters which Branwell Bronte addressed to an intimate friend, J. B. Leyland, sculptor, who died in 1851, and it is with these that a fresh insight is obtained into an interesting period of Branwell's life.

I am largely indebted in some parts of my work, especially those which deal with the lives of the sisters, to Mrs. Gaskell's fascinating 'Life of Charlotte Bronte'; and it is a source of sincere regret to me that I am compelled to differ from that writer on many points. I am likewise indebted in parts to Mr. T. Wemyss Reid's admirable 'Charlotte Bronte: a Monograph,' a work which has corrected several errors and misconceptions into which Mrs. Gaskell had fallen. The reader will perceive that I am obliged in several places to combat the theories and question the statements of Miss A. Mary F. Robinson in her 'Emily Bronte,' a book which, nevertheless, so far as its special subject is concerned, is a worthy contribution to the history of the Brontes.

I have also found of much use, in writing this work, an article ent.i.tled 'Branwell Bronte,' which Mr. George Searle Phillips--'January Searle'--published in the 'Mirror' in 1872. The chapter in Mr. Francis H. Grundy's 'Pictures of the Past' on Branwell Bronte, has likewise been of the greatest service to me. Both these gentlemen were Branwell's personal friends, and to them I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness.

Among many other sources of information respecting the Brontes, of which I have availed myself in writing these pages, I may mention _Hours at Home_, 'Unpublished Letters of Charlotte Bronte'; _Scribner_, 'Reminiscences of Charlotte Bronte'; the _Athenaeum_, 'Notices and Letters,' by Mr. A. C. Swinburne, and 'One of the Survivors of the Bronte-Branwell Family.' To this lady I must also express my obligation for her very kind letter to me.

In the preparation of my work I have been greatly a.s.sisted by the information, and encouraged by the sympathy, of several who had personal knowledge of Patrick Branwell Bronte, and who have supported the view I have taken of his life and character, and also who had like knowledge of the other members of the Bronte family. Among these, I have to express my sincere thanks to Mr. H. Merrall and to Mr. William Wood, who were early acquaintances of Branwell; also to Mr. William Dearden. To Mr. J. H. Thompson and Mrs. Thornton I am greatly indebted for information respecting Branwell's sojourn in Bradford. I have likewise derived much information from the family of the Browns, now all deceased, except Mrs. Brown, to whom I have to express my obligation. I have also gained much reliable information from Nancy Garrs, now Mrs. Wainwright, the nurse of the Brontes, and to her I must especially express my thanks. To these, I must not omit to add my deep and sincere thanks to those who will not permit me to mention them by name, for the unwearied a.s.sistance, counsel, and literary judgment which they have as cheerfully, as they have ably, rendered.

F. A. L.

OAKWOOD, SKIRCOAT, HALIFAX, October, 1885.

CHAPTER I.

EARLY CIRc.u.mSTANCES OF THE BRONTeS.

Bronte Genius--Patrick Bronte--His Birthplace--His early Endeavours--Ordained--Presented to Hartshead--High Town--His Courtship and Marriage--Removes to Thornton--His House--Thornton Chapel--Mrs. Bronte's failing Health--Mr. Bronte Accepts the Living of Haworth--Rudeness of the Inhabitants--Local Fights between Haworth and Heptonstall--Description of Haworth--Mrs. Bronte dies.

Not many stories of literary success have attracted so much interest, and are in themselves so curious and enthralling, as that of the Bronte sisters. The question has often been asked how it came about that these children, who were brought up in distant solitude, and cut off, in a manner, from intellectual life, who had but a partial opportunity of studying mankind, and scarcely any knowledge of the ways of the outside world, were enabled, with searching hands, to dissect the finest meshes of the pa.s.sions, to hold up in the clearest light the springs of human action, and to depict, with nervous power, the most masculine and forcible aspects of character. The solution has been sought in the initiatory strength and inherent mental disposition of the sisters, framed and moulded by the weird and rugged surroundings of their youth, and tinged with lurid light and vivid feeling by the misfortunes and sins of their unhappy brother. To ill.u.s.trate these several points, the biographers of Charlotte and Emily Bronte have explained, as the matter admitted of explanation, the intellectual beginnings and capability of the sisters, have painted in sombre colours the story of their friendless childhood, and lastly, with no lack of honest condemnation, have told us as much as they knew of the sad history of Patrick Branwell Bronte, their brother. It is a curious fact that this brother, who was looked upon by his family as its brightest ornament and hope, should be named in these days only in connection with his sisters, and then but with apology, condemnation, or reproach. In the course of this work, in which Branwell Bronte will be traced from his parentage to his death, we shall find the explanation of this circ.u.mstance; but we shall find, also, that, despite his failings and his sins, his intellectual gifts, as they are testified by his literary promise and his remains, ent.i.tle him to a high place as a worthy member of that extraordinary family. It will be seen, moreover, that his influence upon Charlotte, Emily, and Anne was not what has been generally supposed, and that other circ.u.mstances, besides their own domestic troubles, inspired them to write their masterpieces.

The father of these gifted authors, Patrick Bronte, whose life and personal characteristics well deserve study, was a native of the county Down. He was born on St. Patrick's Day, 1777; and, after an infancy pa.s.sed at the house of his father, Hugh Bronte, or Brunty, at Ahaderg--one of the ten children who made a noisy throng in the home of his parents--he opened, at the age of sixteen, a village school at Drumgooland, in the same county. In this occupation he continued after he had attained his majority, and was never a tutor, as Mrs. Gaskell supposes; but, being ambitious of a clerical life, through the a.s.sistance of his patron, Mr. Tighe, inc.u.mbent of Drumgooland and Drumballyroony, in the county of Down, he was admitted to St. John's College, Cambridge, on the 1st of October in the year 1802, when he had attained his twenty-fifth year. At Cambridge we may infer that he led an active life. It is known that he joined a volunteer corps raised to be in readiness for the French invasion, threatened at the time. After a four years' sojourn at his college, having graduated as a bachelor of arts, in the year 1806, he was ordained, and appointed to a curacy in Ess.e.x, where he is said not to have stayed long.

The perpetual curacy of Hartshead, in the West-Riding of Yorkshire, having become vacant, Mr. Bronte received the appointment, on the presentation of the vicar of Dewsbury.

The church of St. Peter, at Hartshead--which has extensive remains of Norman work, and has recently been restored--is situated on an eminence about a mile from the actual hamlet of that name; and, with its broad, low, and ma.s.sive tower, and its grim old yew-tree, forms a conspicuous object for miles around, commanding on all sides extensive and magnificent views of the valleys of Calder and Colne, with their wooded slopes, and pleasant farms, and the busy villages nestling in the hollows. At the foot of the hill, the deep and sombre woods of Kirklees hide the almost indistinguishable remains of the convent, founded by Raynerus Flandrensis, in the reign of Henry II., for nuns of the order of Citeaux.

There are interesting circ.u.mstances and evidences concerning Kirklees, its Roman entrenchments being very distinct within the park which overlooks the Calder at this point. The priory, too, has its curious history of the events which attended the cloistered life of Elizabeth de Stainton, one of the prioresses, whose monumental memorial alone remains of all that marked the graves of the religious of that house; and there are stories relating to Robin Hood. Here still exists the chamber in which tradition says the 'n.o.ble outlaw' died, and also the grave, at a cross-bow shot from it, where long generations of men have averred his dust reposes. The district of Kirklees had an interest for Charlotte Bronte, and she has celebrated it in 'Shirley,' under the name of Nunnely, with its old church, its forest, its monastic ruins, and 'its man of t.i.tle--its baronet.' It was to the house of the latter--kind gentleman though he was--that Louis Moore could not go, where he 'would much sooner have made an appointment with the ghost of the Earl of Huntingdon to meet him, and a shadowy ring of his merry men, under the canopy of the thickest, blackest, oldest oak in Nunnely Forest ... would rather have appointed tryst with a phantom abbess, or mist-pale nun, among the wet and weedy relics of that ruined sanctuary of theirs, mouldering in the core of the wood.'

Mr. Bronte entered upon his ministrations at Hartshead in the year 1811; and there are entries in the churchwarden's book of Easter-dues paid to him up to 1815. It is curious to note that, in this early mention of Mr. Bronte, the name is spelled 'Brunty' and 'Bronty.'

Hartshead being dest.i.tute of a glebe house, and no suitable residence existing either at this place or at the neighbouring village of Clifton at the time, Mr. Bronte took up his residence at High Town, in a roomy and pleasant house at the top of Clough Lane, near Liversedge in the parish of Birstall, and about a mile from the place of his cure. The house, which commands beautiful views, is entered by a pa.s.sage of the ordinary width, on the left of which is the drawing-room, having cross-beams ornamented with plaster mouldings, as when first finished.

On the right of the pa.s.sage is the dining-room. The breakfast-room and kitchen are behind them. The house is three stories in height, and stands back about two yards from the road, which points direct to the now populous towns of Liversedge and Cleckheaton, both places of considerable antiquity, whose inhabitants, employed in various manufacturies, were increasing in Mr. Bronte's time.

Finding himself now in possession of a competent income and a goodly residence, he felt relieved from those anxieties which, in all probability, had attended his early struggles; and, resting awhile in his ambition, he turned in peace and contentment to poetical meditation. His first book was called 'Cottage Poems,' on the t.i.tle-page of which he describes himself as the 'Reverend Patrick Bronte, B.A., minister of Hartshead-c.u.m-Clifton.' This book was published at Halifax in the year 1811. The following are a few of its subjects: 'The Happy Cottagers,' 'The Rainbow,' 'Winter Nights'

Meditations,' 'Verses sent to a Lady on her Birthday,' 'The Cottage Maid,' and 'The Spider and the Fly.' Mr. Bronte thus speaks of himself and his work: 'When relieved from clerical avocations he was occupied in writing the "Cottage Poems;" from morning till noon, and from noon till night, his employment was full of indescribable pleasure, such as he could wish to taste as long as life lasts. His hours glided pleasantly and almost imperceptibly by, and when night drew on, and he retired to rest, ere his eyes closed in sleep with sweet calmness and serenity of mind, he often reflected that, though the delicate palate of criticism might be disgusted, the business of the day in the prosecution of his humble task was well-pleasing in the sight of G.o.d, and by His blessing might be rendered useful to some poor soul who cared little about critical niceties.' Throughout he professes to be indifferent to hostile criticism.

It is pleasant to find that Mr. Bronte, although settled in competence in a picturesque part of England, was not forgetful of his parents or of the land of his birth. So long as his mother lived he sent her twenty pounds a year; and, though we have no record of the occasion, we may safely infer that he found opportunity to visit Ireland again. He maintained his connection with the district of his early life; and, in after-years, he appointed a relative of Mr. Tighe to be his own curate.

One of his 'Cottage Poems' is ent.i.tled 'The Irish Cabin,' a verse or two from which may here be given:--

'Should poverty, modest and clean, E'er please when presented to view, Should cabin on brown heath or green, Disclose aught engaging to you; Should Erin's wild harp soothe the ear, When touched by such fingers as mine, Then kindly attentive draw near, And candidly ponder each line.'

He describes a winter-scene on the mountains of Morne--a high range of hills in the north of Ireland--and thus alludes to his hospitable reception in the clean and industrious cabin of his verses:--

'Escaped from the pitiless storm, I entered the humble retreat; Compact was the building, and warm, In furniture simple and neat.

And now, gentle reader, approve The ardour that glowed in each breast, As kindly our cottagers strove To cherish and welcome their guest.'

It is unnecessary to give in this place further extracts from this book; suffice it to say that, in all probability, Mr. Bronte lived to see the day when he was pained and surprised that he had ever committed it to the press.

Although the poems of Mr. Bronte are inspired by the love of a peaceful and contented life, free from excitement and care, yet in times of trouble and emergency, such as those of the Luddite riots which occurred during the period of his ministration at Hartshead, he showed again the active and resolute spirit which had prompted and sustained the efforts of his early ambition; and his ardour in helping to suppress the turbulent spirit of the neighbourhood would have made him very unpopular with the disaffected people, had they not learned to respect the upright and unfailing rect.i.tude of his conduct. In the energetic character of Mr. Bronte's life in these early times, in his persistent ambition, and in the literary pursuits which clearly were dear to him, we may trace those factors of working power and literary aspiration and taste which made up the characteristic intellectual force of his children.

Mrs. Gaskell, in her 'Life of Charlotte Bronte,' has given some of the particulars of the Reverend Mr. Bronte's courtship and marriage, in which she appears to have taken a lively interest.

Mr. Bronte met his future wife, (Miss Maria Branwell--of whose character I shall speak in the next chapter--the third daughter of Mr.

T. Branwell of Penzance, deceased) for the first time about the summer of 1812, when she was on a visit to her uncle, the Rev. John Fennel, a Methodist minister and head-master of the Wesleyan Academy at Woodhouse Grove, near Bradford, but who became later a clergyman of the Establishment, and was made inc.u.mbent of Cross-stone, in the parish of Halifax. This meeting was soon followed by an engagement, and, says Mrs. Gaskell, there were plans for happy picnic-parties to Kirkstall Abbey in the glowing September days, when 'Uncle, Aunt, and Cousin Jane'--the last engaged to a Mr. Morgan, another clergyman--were of the party.

In the account which Mr. Bronte gives of the aim and scope of the work from which I have made an extract, and the state of his mind while engaged upon it, we have a retrospect of the inner life of the father of the Brontes, during his sojourn at Hartshead as perpetual curate, prior to his marriage with Miss Branwell. In this period of his life, he seems to have been perfectly happy, no cloud or antic.i.p.ation of future sorrow having obscured or diminished the fulness of his peace.

The marriage was celebrated on the 29th of December, 1812, at Guiseley, near Bradford, by the Rev. W. Morgan, minister of Bierley, the gentleman engaged to 'Cousin Jane.' It is a very curious circ.u.mstance that on the same day, and at the same place, Mr. Bronte performed the marriage ceremony between his wife's cousin, Miss Jane Fennel, only daughter of the Mr. Fennel alluded to above, and the Rev. W. Morgan, who had just been, as described, the officiating clergyman at his own wedding.

Mr. Fennel would naturally have performed the ceremony for his niece and Mr. Bronte, had it not fallen to his lot to give the lady away.

When Mr. Bronte found himself settled in married life at Hartshead, and with the probability of a young family rising around him, he felt pleasure in the contemplation of the future. Mrs. Bronte, ever gentle and affectionate in her household ways, comforted and encouraged him in his literary pursuits, and, by her acute observation and accurate judgment, directed and aided his own. It was at this time that Mr.

Bronte wrote a book, ent.i.tled 'The Rural Ministry,' which was published at Halifax, in 1813. The work consisted of a miscellany of descriptive poems, with the following t.i.tles: 'The Sabbath Bells,' 'Kirkstall Abbey,' 'Extempore Verses,' 'Lines to a Lady on her Birthday,' 'An Elegy,' 'Reflections by Moonlight,' 'Winter,' 'Rural Happiness,' 'The Distress and Relief,' 'The Christian's Farewell,' 'The Harper of Erin.'

It cannot be doubted that, in consequence of his two publications while he was at Hartshead, Mr. Bronte became known in the surrounding districts as an aspiring man, and one of literary culture and ability.

Mr. Bronte had taken his bride to his house at High Town, and it was there that his daughters Maria and Elizabeth were born. Maria was baptized on April the 23rd, 1814, and is entered in the register as the 'daughter of Patrick Bronte and Maria his wife.' The Rev. Mr. Morgan was the officiating minister. There is no such entry there relating to Elizabeth, for she was baptized at Thornton with the other children.

Mr. Bronte, after having been nearly five years minister of Hartshead-c.u.m-Clifton, resigned the benefice, and accepted, from the vicar of Bradford, the inc.u.mbency of Thornton, a perpetual curacy in that parish. This, probably, on the suggestion of Mr. Morgan, who was then inc.u.mbent of Christ's Church at Bradford.

Thornton is beautifully situated on the northern slope of a valley.

Green and fertile pastures spread over the adjacent hills, and wooded dells with shady walks beautify and enrich the district. 'The neighbourhood,' says Mrs. Gaskell, 'is desolate and wild; great tracts of bleak land, enclosed by stone d.y.k.es, sweeping up Clayton Heights.'

This disagreeable picture of the place, painted by the biographer of Charlotte, is scarcely justified by the actual appearance of the district. The soil is naturally fertile, and the inhabitants are notable for industry and enterprise. Hence no barren land, within the wide range of hill and vale, is now seen obtruding on the cultivated sweep.

The town is somewhat regularly built. In the main street is situated the house where Mr. Bronte took up his abode during his stay at Thornton. The hall door was reached by several steps. There was a dining-room on one side of the hall, and a drawing-room on the other.

Over the pa.s.sage to the front was a dressing-room, at the window of which the neighbours often saw Mr. Bronte at his toilet. Above the door of the house, on a stone slab, there are still visible the letters:

A.

J. S.

1802

These are the initials of John and Sarah Ashworth, former inhabitants of Thornton; and this residence remained as the parsonage until another was built below, nearer to the chapel, by the successor of Mr. Bronte.