RENDEZVOUS 32 & 33 Rendezvous dates roughly estimated from molecular trees [166, 191 191], a.s.suming Rendezvous 31 Rendezvous 31 at 800 and 34 at 1100 Mya. Position of Mesomycetozoea (Ichthyosporea) [ at 800 and 34 at 1100 Mya. Position of Mesomycetozoea (Ichthyosporea) [231] based on mtDNA sequences [166], rather than (less extensive) rRNA [191].

RENDEZVOUS 34 Rendezvous date of roughly 1100 Mya commonly argued [91, 244 244] (but may not be particularly robust). Revised molecular studies now place Microsporidia in Fungi [149], possibly at the base [13]. Morphology and genetics place Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as closest relatives, rDNA additionally identifies Glomeromycota as sister to both [256], with previous 'zygomycetes' two (as shown here), or more paraphyletic branches. Divergence dates from molecular clock [133] rescaled to fit rendezvous date used here.

RENDEZVOUS 35 Grouping of most amoebas and slime moulds as sister group to Metazoa+Fungi has substantial molecular support [13, 43 43], although unconventional rooting of the eukaryotic tree may collapse Rendezvous 34 Rendezvous 34, 35 35, 36 36, and 37 37 into one [ into one [43]. Divergence date arbitrarily placed halfway between two surrounding nodes.

RENDEZVOUS 36 Ribosomal RNA data grouping plants with animals and fungi now recognised as erroneous [13, 113 113]. As explained in the text of Rendezvous 37 Rendezvous 37, the position of the plants in the eukaryotic phylogeny is uncertain, and the scheme adopted here is somewhat arbitrary. Rendezvous date constrained by 1200 Mya fossils [38, but see see 42 42]: 1300 Mya broadly consistent with molecular clock studies [e.g. 91 91]. Within plants, phylogeny and relative dates from molecular data [203], although inclusion of red algae sometimes disputed [214].

RENDEZVOUS 37 Branching order and divergence dates of major eukaryote groups uncertain [13] (hence polytomy shown). Ribosomal RNA studies erroneously place different groups as early branching lineages due to long branch attraction; amended trees only able to place eukaryotic branches far from the Archaea [113], implying much later divergence than Rendezvous 38 Rendezvous 38: dates of Rendezvous 37 Rendezvous 3739 estimated to nearest 500 My. estimated to nearest 500 My.

RENDEZVOUS 38 Rendezvous date uncertain; molecular clock data suggests roughly 2 billion years ago [e.g. 91 91, but see see 42 42]. Divergence dates and (conventional) phylogeny estimated from rRNA studies [e.g. 16 16].

RENDEZVOUS 39 Tree inherently difficult to root because there is no out-group, and changes in mutation rate along different lineages obscure the 'centre' of the tree. It is often rooted between Archaea and Eubacteria (cross A), but other possibilities exist [42] (cross B), [113], and so is presented unrooted. Changes in rooting will affect overall branch lengths, so these cannot truly represent time and are thus somewhat arbitrary. Eubacterial phylogeny based on robust biochemical characteristics (e.g. cell wall glyco-proteins) and rare genomic events (e.g. indels) [42, 117 117]; rRNA trees can have long branch attraction problems, but indicate that the divergences within the bacteria are deep [113]. Bacterial DNA exchange problematic for building a single tree, unless a core of unswapped genes exists [64].

CONCESTOR RECONSTRUCTIONS.

Concestor reconstructions by Malcolm G.o.dwin.

Reconstructions are intended to give a general impression of the probable appearance and habitat of each concestor, based on current scientific knowledge. Non-skeletal features (e.g. colour of fur or skin) are inevitably a matter of considerable conjecture. Henry Bennett-Clark, Tom Cavalier-Smith, Hugh d.i.c.kinson, William Hawthorne, Peter Holland, Tom Kemp, Anna Nekaris, Marcello Ruta, Mark Sutton, and Keith Thomson provided various advice for the reconstructions. However, they bear no responsibility for the final pictures: any errors in interpretation are solely my responsibility.

Concestor 3 Large arboreal quadrupedal ape [ Large arboreal quadrupedal ape [20], which probably lived in Asia [273]. The face protrudes less than in orang utans, with rounder, more widely-s.p.a.ced orbits (inferred from the Miocene ape Ankarapithecus Ankarapithecus). Forelimbs are suspensory, although less so than in orang utans; locomotion similar to the proboscis monkey Nasalis Nasalis. Note also the brow ridges, prominent glabella, relatively high degree of encephalisation, predominantly fruit-based diet, and (relative to gibbons and Old World monkeys) the enlarged mammary glands and more bowed radius bone [116].

Concestor 18 Informed by the Lower Devonian rhipidistian Informed by the Lower Devonian rhipidistian Styloichthys Styloichthys [ [326]. Note the fin lobation, the headshield, the lateral line, and the heterocercal tail.

Concestor 23 Similar to lancelets, but notochord does not reach the rostrum, and specialised wheel organ absent. Note the pigment spot eye, gill bars, notochord, myomeres (V-shaped muscle blocks) and atrium (enclosed s.p.a.ce below the main body). Similar to lancelets, but notochord does not reach the rostrum, and specialised wheel organ absent. Note the pigment spot eye, gill bars, notochord, myomeres (V-shaped muscle blocks) and atrium (enclosed s.p.a.ce below the main body).

Concestor 31 Thought to have been a hollow ball consisting of outward-pointing choanocyte cells [ Thought to have been a hollow ball consisting of outward-pointing choanocyte cells [248] (similar to a sponge embryo). Cilia used for locomotion and for wafting food particles into choanocyte 'collar'. Note also cellular specialisation: s.e.xual reproduction is via egg cells and free-swimming sperm. Concestor reconstructed with a pelagic lifestyle, similar to sponge embryos.

Concestor 36 Typical single-celled eukaryote, hence with a pervasive micro-tubular cytoskeleton, cilium (eukaryotic 'flagella') a.s.sociated with a centriole (basal body) acting as a microtubule organising centre, a nucleus with pore structure surrounded by perforated sheets of rough ER which graduate into the cytosol, and a grainy appearance caused by tiny ribosomes. Note also the mitochondria with tubular cristae, small numbers of peroxisomes and other cellular vesicles, and movement via a combination of cilium and short pseudopods. Concestor depicted engulfing a food particle (note localised cytoskeleton build-up). Typical single-celled eukaryote, hence with a pervasive micro-tubular cytoskeleton, cilium (eukaryotic 'flagella') a.s.sociated with a centriole (basal body) acting as a microtubule organising centre, a nucleus with pore structure surrounded by perforated sheets of rough ER which graduate into the cytosol, and a grainy appearance caused by tiny ribosomes. Note also the mitochondria with tubular cristae, small numbers of peroxisomes and other cellular vesicles, and movement via a combination of cilium and short pseudopods. Concestor depicted engulfing a food particle (note localised cytoskeleton build-up).

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